A prevenção da abstinência alcoólica começa com o rastreamento e a identificação dos pacientes considerados de risco por seu nível de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, história e circunstâncias.[5]American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020 May/Jun;14(3s suppl 1):1-72.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511109?tool=bestpractice.com
A avaliação do risco é feita analisando-se a frequência, a duração e o volume de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas; a história de síndrome da abstinência alcoólica (SAA) e sua gravidade; e qualquer redução ou interrupção recente no consumo.[5]American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020 May/Jun;14(3s suppl 1):1-72.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511109?tool=bestpractice.com
Tanto os pacientes internados quanto ambulatoriais devem ser rastreados para transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas ou uso excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas, por meio de uma ferramenta de avaliação formal. Os exemplos de ferramentas de rastreamento adequadas incluem AUDIT-C (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption), CAGE ou FAST (Fast Alcohol Screening Test).[3]Stewart S, Swain S, NICE; Royal College of Physicians, London. Assessment and management of alcohol dependence and withdrawal in the acute hospital: concise guidance. Clin Med (Lond). 2012 Jun;12(3):266-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-266
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783781?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020 May/Jun;14(3s suppl 1):1-72.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511109?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;175(1):86-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301420?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/hep.30866
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31314133?tool=bestpractice.com
[
Questionário AUDIT para rastreamento do consumo de álcool
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Alcohol use disorders identification test consumption (AUDIT C)
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CAGE questionnaire
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Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST)
Opens in new window O AUDIT (teste de identificação de transtornos devido ao uso de álcool) completo também é uma opção, embora demore mais que outras ferramentas de rastreamento para ser realizado e, portanto, pode não ser adequado em ambientes hospitalares de cuidados agudos.[3]Stewart S, Swain S, NICE; Royal College of Physicians, London. Assessment and management of alcohol dependence and withdrawal in the acute hospital: concise guidance. Clin Med (Lond). 2012 Jun;12(3):266-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.12-3-266
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22783781?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/hep.30866
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31314133?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma abordagem alternativa (caso não haja tempo para uma avaliação completa) é um rastreamento inicial de uma pergunta para identificar potenciais transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas: "Quantas vezes, no último ano, você tomou X ou mais doses em um dia?" Recomendação do National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) dos EUA: X é 5 para homens e 4 para mulheres.[9]Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;175(1):86-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301420?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/hep.30866
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31314133?tool=bestpractice.com
[44]Willenbring ML, Massey SH, Gardner MB. Helping patients who drink too much: an evidence-based guide for primary care clinicians. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 1;80(1):44-50.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0701/p44.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621845?tool=bestpractice.com
O teste é positivo se a resposta do paciente for >1, e uma ferramenta de avaliação formal, como o AUDIT, deve ser usada.[9]Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;175(1):86-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301420?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/hep.30866
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31314133?tool=bestpractice.com
[44]Willenbring ML, Massey SH, Gardner MB. Helping patients who drink too much: an evidence-based guide for primary care clinicians. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Jul 1;80(1):44-50.
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0701/p44.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19621845?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes com rastreamento positivo para transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e que apresentam risco de abstinência alcoólica devem ter seu grau de dependência alcoólica avaliado usando-se uma ferramenta de rastreamento formal, como o Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SAD-Q) ou o Leeds Dependence Questionnaire.[9]Reus VI, Fochtmann LJ, Bukstein O, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of patients with alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jan 1;175(1):86-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29301420?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Raistrick D, Bradshaw J, Tober G, et al. Development of the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ): a questionnaire to measure alcohol and opiate dependence in the context of a treatment evaluation package. Addiction. 1994 May;89(5):563-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8044122?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Stockwell T, Hodgson R, Edwards G, et al. The development of a questionnaire to measure severity of alcohol dependence. Br J Addict Alcohol Other Drugs. 1979 Mar;74(1):79-87.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/283831?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Bråthen G, Ben-Menachem E, Brodtkorb E, et al. EFNS guideline on the diagnosis and management of alcohol-related seizures: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2005 Aug;12(8):575-81.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01247.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053464?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]US Preventive Services Task Force., Curry SJ, Krist AH, et al. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions to reduce unhealthy alcohol use in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Nov 13;320(18):1899-909.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.16789
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30422199?tool=bestpractice.com
O AUDIT-C, o FAST e o AUDIT apenas identificam transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e não preveem quais pacientes apresentam risco de abstinência alcoólica.
A Prediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale (PAWSS) é outra ferramenta potencialmente útil para avaliar o risco de desenvolvimento da síndrome de abstinência alcoólica complexa entre os pacientes clinicamente doentes/hospitalizados.[5]American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020 May/Jun;14(3s suppl 1):1-72.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511109?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Maldonado JR, Sher Y, Ashouri JF, et al. The "Prediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale" (PAWSS): systematic literature review and pilot study of a new scale for the prediction of complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Alcohol. 2014 Jun;48(4):375-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24657098?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Wood E, Albarqouni L, Tkachuk S, et al. Will this hospitalized patient develop severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome?: The rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2018 Aug 28;320(8):825-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30167704?tool=bestpractice.com
Quando um paciente em risco é identificado, deve-se iniciar uma terapia profilática com um benzodiazepínico, como o clordiazepóxido.[5]American Society of Addiction Medicine. The ASAM clinical practice guideline on alcohol withdrawal management. J Addict Med. 2020 May/Jun;14(3s suppl 1):1-72.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511109?tool=bestpractice.com
Se a concentração de etanol no sangue for negativa ou se houver uma baixa suspeita de concentração elevada, o paciente pode receber alta com encaminhamento para um programa de reabilitação, ou admitido ao hospital.[51]O'Connor P. Alcohol abuse and dependence. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. eds. Cecil textbook of medicine. 22nd ed. St. Louis, MO: W.B. Saunders Company; 2004:17.