O HLA-B27 está presente em aproximadamente 90% dos pacientes com EA.[18]Chatzikyriakidou A, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. What is the role of HLA-B27 in spondyloarthropathies? Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Jun;10(8):464-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296192?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência de HLA-B27 varia entre as comunidades étnicas dos EUA, com 7.5% de brancos não hispânicos, 4.6% de americanos de origem mexicana e 1.1% de indivíduos negros não hispânicos positivos para HLA-B27.[19]Reveille JD, Hirsch R, Dillon CF, et al. The prevalence of HLA-B27 in the US: data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 May;64(5):1407-11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4038331
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139851?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, a contribuição do HLA-B27 para o risco genético total de espondilite anquilosante (EA) é relativamente modesto (aproximadamente 20%).[20]Hanson A, Brown MA. Genetics and the causes of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Aug;43(3):401-14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982368
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28711142?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, et al. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet. 2016 May;48(5):510-8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848113
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974007?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência global de EA varia de 9 a 30 indivíduos por 10,000 na população em geral.[22]Wang R, Ward MM. Epidemiology of axial spondyloarthritis: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018 Mar;30(2):137-43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811203
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29227352?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência média de EA por 10,000 pessoas (de 36 estudos elegíveis) foi estimada como 23.8 na Europa, 16.7 na Ásia, 31.9 na América do Norte e 10.2 na América Latina. Estimativas adicionais, ponderadas pelo tamanho de amostra dos estudos, foram calculadas como 18.6, 18.0 e 12.2 para Europa, Ásia e América Latina, respectivamente.[23]Dean LE, Jones GT, MacDonald AG, et al. Global prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014 Apr;53(4):650-7.
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/4/650.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324212?tool=bestpractice.com
Dados de pesquisas (2009-2010) sugerem uma prevalência geral ajustada por idade de espondiloartrite definitiva ou provável de 0.9% nos EUA.[24]Reveille JD, Witter JP, Weisman MH. Prevalence of axial spondylarthritis in the United States: estimates from a cross-sectional survey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Jun;64(6):905-10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032290
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275150?tool=bestpractice.com
Foram relatadas baixas taxas de prevalência da EA no Japão e na Grécia.[25]Hukuda S, Minami M, Saito T, et al. Spondyloarthropathies in Japan: nationwide questionnaire survey performed by the Japan Ankylosing Spondylitis Society. J Rheumatol. 2001 Mar;28(3):554-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11296958?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Alamanos Y, Papadopoulos NG, Voulgari PV, et al. Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Northwest Greece, 1983-2002. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004 May;43(5):615-8.
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/615.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14872102?tool=bestpractice.com
Taxas de prevalência de 0.37%, 0.3% e 0.86% foram relatadas na Itália, França e Alemanha, respectivamente.[27]De Angelis R, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in an Italian population sample: a regional community-based study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2007 Jan-Feb;36(1):14-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17454930?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Saraux A, Guillemin F, Guggenbuhl P, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies in France: 2001. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Oct;64(10):1431-5.
https://ard.bmj.com/content/64/10/1431.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817661?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Braun J, Bollow M, Remlinger G, et al. Prevalence of spondylarthropathies in HLA-B27 positive and negative blood donors. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Jan;41(1):58-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9433870?tool=bestpractice.com
As taxas de incidência variam entre 0.4 por 100,000 na Islândia a 15 por 100,000 no Canadá.[30]Bohn R, Cooney M, Deodhar A, et al. Incidence and prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis: methodologic challenges and gaps in the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018 Mar-Apr;36(2):263-74.
https://www.clinexprheumatol.org/abstract.asp?a=11841
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29148402?tool=bestpractice.com
Nos EUA, foi relatada uma taxa de incidência anual de 7.3 casos por cada 100,000 pessoas-ano.[31]Carbone LD, Cooper C, Michet CJ, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1989. Is the epidemiology changing? Arthritis Rheum. 1992 Dec;35(12):1476-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1472124?tool=bestpractice.com
A EA geralmente se apresenta na segunda década de vida.[32]Feldtkeller E, Bruckel J, Khan MA. Scientific contributions of ankylosing spondylitis patient advocacy groups. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Jul;12(4):239-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910174?tool=bestpractice.com
Os homens são mais frequentemente afetados do que as mulheres (2.5:1).[33]Kennedy LG, Will R, Calin A. Sex ratio in the spondyloarthropathies and its relationship to phenotypic expression, mode of inheritance and age at onset. J Rheumatol. 1993 Nov;20(11):1900-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8308776?tool=bestpractice.com
[34]Will R, Edmunds L, Elswood J, et al. Is there sexual inequality in ankylosing spondylitis? A study of 498 women and 1202 men. J Rheumatol. 1990 Dec;17(12):1649-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2084239?tool=bestpractice.com
[35]Moll JM, Wright V. New York clinical criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A statistical evaluation. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973 Jul;32(4):354-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1006116/pdf/annrheumd00016-0073.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4269429?tool=bestpractice.com
O uso inicial da ressonância nuclear magnética aumentou a detecção da EA, tendo um estudo relatado redução da prevalência de homens em relação às mulheres (razão de prevalência de 1.21).[36]Haroon NN, Paterson JM, Li P, et al. Increasing proportion of female patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a population-based study of trends in the incidence and prevalence of AS. BMJ Open. 2014 Dec 15;4(12):e006634.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/12/e006634.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25510888?tool=bestpractice.com
Existe um atraso no diagnóstico de cerca de 8 anos entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico, muitas vezes acarretando desfechos clínicos mais desfavoráveis.[16]Stone M, Warren RW, Bruckel J, et al. Juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis is associated with worse functional outcomes than adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun 15;53(3):445-51.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21174/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15934110?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Braun J, Sieper J. Inception cohorts for spondyloarthropathies [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 2000 Apr;59(2):117-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868019?tool=bestpractice.com
A EA de início na juventude tem maior comprometimento das articulações periféricas, apresentando um desfecho clínico mais desfavorável.[16]Stone M, Warren RW, Bruckel J, et al. Juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis is associated with worse functional outcomes than adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun 15;53(3):445-51.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21174/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15934110?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Braun J, Sieper J. Inception cohorts for spondyloarthropathies [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 2000 Apr;59(2):117-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868019?tool=bestpractice.com
Aproximadamente 9% a 21% dos casos de EA em populações brancas apresentam início na juventude.[16]Stone M, Warren RW, Bruckel J, et al. Juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis is associated with worse functional outcomes than adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jun 15;53(3):445-51.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.21174/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15934110?tool=bestpractice.com