A prevalência da EM/SFC varia de acordo com a população estudada, com a metodologia do levantamento de dados e com os critérios usados para estabelecer o diagnóstico.[15]Johnston S, Brenu EW, Staines D, et al. The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5:105-10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3616604
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23576883?tool=bestpractice.com
Nos EUA, a EM/SFC afeta entre 836,000 e 2.5 milhões de pessoas, o que sugere uma prevalência de aproximadamente 0.26% a 0.78%.[6]Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: redefining an illness. Feb 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19012/beyond-myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-redefining-an-illness
Taxas de prevalência similares foram estimadas no Reino Unido (aproximadamente 0.1% a 0.7%).[16]Nacul LC, Lacerda EM, Pheby D, et al. Prevalence of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) in three regions of England: a repeated cross-sectional study in primary care. BMC Med. 2011 Jul 28;9:91.
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-91
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794183?tool=bestpractice.com
Os dados sobre prevalência na Europa são escassos, mas as estimativas variam de cerca de 0.1% a 2.2%.[17]Estévez-López F, Mudie K, Wang-Steverding X, et al. Systematic review of the epidemiological burden of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome across europe: current evidence and EUROMENE research recommendations for epidemiology. J Clin Med. 2020 May;9(5):1557.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290765
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32455633?tool=bestpractice.com
A incidência anual mínima estimada no geral foi de 0.015%. Dados de metanálises sugerem variabilidade significativa nas taxas de prevalência para EM/SFC ao usar métodos autorrelatados e clinicamente avaliados, com taxas de prevalência mais baixas quando os pacientes são diagnosticados por um médico.[15]Johnston S, Brenu EW, Staines D, et al. The prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/ myalgic encephalomyelitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5:105-10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3616604
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23576883?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Transl Med. 2020 Feb 24;18(1):100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038594
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32093722?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência da EM/SFC entre adolescentes está entre 0.003% e 0.5%.[18]Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Transl Med. 2020 Feb 24;18(1):100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038594
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32093722?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Jones JF, Nisenbaum R, Solomon L, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome and other fatiguing illnesses in adolescents: a population based study. J Adolesc Health. 2004 Jul;35(1):34-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15193572?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]Rimes KA, Goodman R, Hotopf M, et al. Incidence, prognosis, and risk factors for fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents: a prospective community study. Pediatrics. 2007 Mar;119(3):e603-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17332180?tool=bestpractice.com
A EM/SFC tem maior prevalência entre adolescentes do que entre crianças menores.[21]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome: epidemiology. Mar 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/healthcare-providers/presentation-clinical-course/epidemiology.html
As idades de pico para início são durante a adolescência e entre 30 e 50 anos.[22]Jason LA, Richman JA, Rademaker AW, et al. A community-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Oct 11;159(18):2129-37.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/415556
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10527290?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomeyelitis. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomeyelitis: primer for clinical practitioners. 2014 [internet publication].
https://growthzonesitesprod.azureedge.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/1869/2020/10/Primer_Post_2014_conference.pdf
[24]Bakken IJ, Tveito K, Gunnes N, et al. Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008-2012. BMC Med. 2014 Oct 1;12:167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189623
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274261?tool=bestpractice.com
A EM/SFC é 2-3 vezes mais prevalente entre mulheres do que entre homens.[18]Lim EJ, Ahn YC, Jang ES, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Transl Med. 2020 Feb 24;18(1):100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7038594
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32093722?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Bakken IJ, Tveito K, Gunnes N, et al. Two age peaks in the incidence of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a population-based registry study from Norway 2008-2012. BMC Med. 2014 Oct 1;12:167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189623
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274261?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Wessely S. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17(1):139-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8521932?tool=bestpractice.com
Estudos na comunidade realizados nos EUA sugerem que brancos norte-americanos falantes do inglês podem ter um risco menor de EM/SFC que latinos, afro-americanos ou índios norte-americanos.[22]Jason LA, Richman JA, Rademaker AW, et al. A community-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Oct 11;159(18):2129-37.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/415556
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10527290?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Steele L, Dobbins JG, Fukuda K, et al. The epidemiology of chronic fatigue in San Francisco. Am J Med. 1998 Sep 28;105(3a):83S-90S.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9790487?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Dinos S, Khoshaba B, Ashby D, et al. A systematic review of chronic fatigue, its syndromes and ethnicity: prevalence, severity, co-morbidity and coping. Int J Epidemiol. 2009 Dec;38(6):1554-70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349479?tool=bestpractice.com
Um estudo realizado na Inglaterra constatou uma prevalência de EM/SFC em pessoas de ancestralidade paquistanesa de 3.5%, em comparação com 0.8% em pessoas brancas.[28]Bhui KS, Dinos S, Ashby D, et al. Chronic fatigue syndrome in an ethnically diverse population: the influence of psychosocial adversity and physical inactivity. BMC Med. 2011 Mar 21;9:26.
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-9-26
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21418640?tool=bestpractice.com
A análise fatorial sugere que a encefalomielite miálgica, definida pelos critérios de consenso canadense, representa 40% a 60% das pessoas com SFC, conforme definido pelos critérios de "Fukuda" de 1994 dos Centros de Controle e Prevenção (CDC) de Doenças dos EUA.[3]Fukuda K, Straus SE, Hickie I, et al. The chronic fatigue syndrome: a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Dec 15;121(12):953-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7978722?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Maes M, Twisk FN, Johnson C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data. Psychiatry Res. 2012 Dec 30;200(2-3):754-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22521895?tool=bestpractice.com
Um fator que contribui para a grande variação na prevalência é a baixa taxa de diagnósticos, pois estima-se que até 90% dos indivíduos com EM/SFC podem não ter recebido o diagnóstico correto.[6]Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: redefining an illness. Feb 2015 [internet publication].
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19012/beyond-myalgic-encephalomyelitischronic-fatigue-syndrome-redefining-an-illness
[30]Araja D, Berkis U, Lunga A, et al. Shadow burden of undiagnosed myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) on society: retrospective and prospective-in light of COVID-19. J Clin Med. 2021 Jul;10(14):3017.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8303374
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34300183?tool=bestpractice.com