Aripiprazol
O aripiprazol é um agonista parcial da dopamina D2 com agonismo parcial fraco para o receptor 5-HT1A e antagonismo para o receptor 5-HT2A. Postula-se que medicamentos moduladores da dopamina, como o aripiprazol, levam à melhora clínica da fadiga e dos sintomas cognitivos na EM/SFC. Um estudo retrospectivo que revisou os registros clínicos de 101 pessoas com EM/SFC relatou efeitos com o uso de aripiprazol em baixas doses.[230]Crosby LD, Kalanidhi S, Bonilla A, et al. Off label use of aripiprazole shows promise as a treatment for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): a retrospective study of 101 patients treated with a low dose of Aripiprazole. J Transl Med. 2021 Feb 3;19(1):50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7860172
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33536023?tool=bestpractice.com
A maioria (74%) apresentou melhoras em um ou mais sintomas, incluindo fadiga, confusão mental, sono não reparador e mal-estar pós-esforço. Não houve alteração para 12% e 14% apresentaram agravamento dos sintomas. Ainda não foram realizados ensaios clínicos randomizados, duplos-cegos e controlados por placebo.
Oxaloacetato
O oxaloacetato é um intermediário metabólico em muitos processos que ocorrem em animais, incluindo o ciclo de Krebs e a gliconeogênese. Um ensaio aberto, não randomizado, de “prova de conceito” de escalonamento de dose com cápsulas de enol-oxaloacetato anidro envolveu 76 pessoas com EM/SFC. As melhoras na Escala de Fadiga de Chalder foram comparadas com um grupo histórico de EM/SFC: 22.5% dos 76 pacientes relataram uma melhora na fadiga física e mental após 6 semanas, em comparação com 5.9% no grupo-controle histórico.[231]Cash A, Kaufman DL. Oxaloacetate treatment for mental and physical fatigue in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and long-COVID fatigue patients: a non-randomized controlled clinical trial. J Transl Med. 2022 Jun 28;20(1):295.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9238249
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35764955?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, por razões metodológicas, o desenho do estudo limita a capacidade de interpretar o ensaio.
Ciclofosfamida
A ciclofosfamida foi investigada em um ensaio clínico aberto de fase 2 com 40 pacientes com SFC/EM. Embora os resultados tenham sido promissores, é necessário cautela na interpretação dos dados devido à falta de grupo-controle, e mais evidências de ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (ECRCs) são necessárias para elucidar o perfil de segurança e eficácia deste tratamento.[232]Rekeland IG, Fosså A, Lande A, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. An open-label phase II study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Apr 29;7:162.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00162/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32411717?tool=bestpractice.com
KPAX002
Uma combinação experimental de metilfenidato e nutrientes de suporte mitocondrial, KPAX002 melhorou a Checklist Individual Strength em 34% em 12 semanas (P <0.0001).[233]Kaiser JD. A prospective, proof-of-concept investigation of KPAX002 in chronic fatigue syndrome. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015 Jul 15;8(7):11064-74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4565289
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26379906?tool=bestpractice.com
Mais de 50% relataram alguma melhora da fadiga e concentração.
Rintatolimode
O rintatolimode (polyI:polyC12U), um medicamento imunomodulador experimental poly I:C de RNA de fita dupla com propriedades de agonista de receptores do tipo Toll 3, apresenta evidências de baixa qualidade de melhora do exercício em pacientes com EM/SFC.[234]Mitchell W. Review of Ampligen clinical trials in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Virol. 2006;37(suppl 1):S113.[235]Strayer DR, Carter WA, Brodsky I, et al. A controlled clinical trial with a specifically configured RNA drug, poly(I).poly(C12U), in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;18(suppl 1):S88-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8148460?tool=bestpractice.com
[236]Strayer DR, Carter WA, Stouch BC, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial of the TLR-3 agonist rintatolimod in severe cases of chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31334.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0031334
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22431963?tool=bestpractice.com
[237]Mitchell WM. Efficacy of rintatolimod in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jun;9(6):755-70.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/17512433.2016.1172960
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045557?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, uma análise de subgrupos post-hoc sugere que os pacientes que tiveram EM/SFC por 2-8 anos podem ter uma resposta significativamente melhor do que aqueles com doença de mais longa duração.[238]Strayer DR, Young D, Mitchell WM. Effect of disease duration in a randomized phase III trial of rintatolimod, an immune modulator for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One. 2020 Oct 29;15(10):e0240403.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119613?tool=bestpractice.com
O tempo na esteira aumentou 27.8% com rintatolimode em comparação com 4.2% com placebo, enquanto aqueles com duração <2 anos ou >8 anos apresentaram ausência de resposta ao medicamento (9.8%) ou placebo (5.1%).[238]Strayer DR, Young D, Mitchell WM. Effect of disease duration in a randomized phase III trial of rintatolimod, an immune modulator for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One. 2020 Oct 29;15(10):e0240403.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119613?tool=bestpractice.com
Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de diagnóstico precoce e início da terapia imunomoduladora. Todos os pacientes apresentaram mal-estar pós-esforço com duração >24 horas, o que reforça a necessidade de critérios de inclusão cuidadosos para selecionar pacientes com EM/SFC para os estudos clínicos e descartar fadiga idiopática crônica e outras condições no diagnóstico diferencial.
Naltrexona
Há suporte anedótico para o uso de naltrexona (um antagonista opioide) em dose baixa para o manejo da dor crônica e hiperalgesia associada à EM/SFC, embora faltem evidências de ECRCs específicas para EM/SFC. Para EM/SFC, a naltrexona em baixas doses algumas vezes é prescrita off-label por especialistas. A naltrexona em dose baixa parece ser eficaz para a dor crônica associada a certas condições inflamatórias, incluindo doença inflamatória intestinal e esclerose múltipla.[239]Younger J, Parkitny L, McLain D. The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Apr;33(4):451-9.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10067-014-2517-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24526250?tool=bestpractice.com
Às vezes, também é prescrito off-label para fibromialgia e há algumas evidências preliminares de que essa abordagem é eficaz e bem tolerada, embora faltem evidências em larga escala.[240]Younger J, Mackey S. Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study. Pain Med. 2009 May-Jun;10(4):663-72.
https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/10/4/663/1829894
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453963?tool=bestpractice.com
[241]Younger J, Noor N, McCue R, et al. Low-dose naltrexone for the treatment of fibromyalgia: findings of a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover trial assessing daily pain levels. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Feb;65(2):529-38.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.37734
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23359310?tool=bestpractice.com
A evidência de ECRC é necessária para elucidar a segurança e eficácia da naltrexona em baixa dose para EM/SFC; pesquisas adicionais também podem determinar se a naltrexona em baixa dose ajuda com outras características da EM/SFC, como cognição e fadiga.
Outras terapias medicamentosas
Antivirais (isolados ou com imunoglobulina intravenosa), imunoglobulina intravenosa isolada, clonidina, citalopram (em pacientes sem depressão), hidrocortisona, fludrocortisona, metilfenidato, melatonina, galantamina, nicotinamida-adenina dinucleotídeo isoladamente e combinado com coenzima Q10, toxoide estafilocócico, anakinra ( inibidor do receptor de interleucina-1), ácido guanidinacético, extrato placentário humano subcutâneo, valganciclovir, valaciclovir, inosina pranobex e vários medicamentos complementares foram estudados na EM/SFC, mas os resultados foram ambíguos, ou mostraram efeito limitado ou nenhum efeito.[12]Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, et al. Disease mechanisms and clonidine treatment in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: a combined cross-sectional and randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2014 Apr;168(4):351-60.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1827799
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24493300?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Attard L, Bonvicini F, Gelsomino F, et al. Paradoxical response to intravenous immunoglobulin in a case of Parvovirus B19-associated chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Virol. 2015 Jan;62:54-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25542471?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Kogelnik AM, Loomis K, Hoegh-Petersen M, et al. Use of valganciclovir in patients with elevated antibody titers against Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) who were experiencing central nervous system dysfunction including long-standing fatigue. J Clin Virol. 2006 Dec;37(suppl 1):S33-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17276366?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Montoya JG, Kogelnik AM, Bhangoo M, et al. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of valganciclovir in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Virol. 2013 Dec;85(12):2101-9.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmv.23713
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23959519?tool=bestpractice.com
[242]Hall DL, Lattie EG, Milrad SF, et al. Telephone-administered versus live group cognitive behavioral stress management for adults with CFS. J Psychosom Res. 2017 Feb;93:41-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270375
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28107891?tool=bestpractice.com
[243]Tirelli U, Lleshi A, Berretta M, et al. Treatment of 741 Italian patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 Nov;17(21):2847-52.
https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2847-2852.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24254550?tool=bestpractice.com
[244]Peterson PK, Shepard J, Macres M, et al. A controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G in chronic fatigue syndrome. Am J Med. 1990 Nov;89(5):554-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2239975?tool=bestpractice.com
[245]Kerr JR, Cunniffe VS, Kelleher P, et al. Successful intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in 3 cases of parvovirus B19-associated chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 1;36(9):e100-6.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/36/9/e100/313942
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12715326?tool=bestpractice.com
[246]Rowe KS. Double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin for the management of chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;31(1):133-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9201655?tool=bestpractice.com
[247]Fagermoen E, Sulheim D, Winger A, et al. Effects of low-dose clonidine on cardiovascular and autonomic variables in adolescents with chronic fatigue: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr. 2015 Sep 10;15:117.
https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-015-0428-2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26357864?tool=bestpractice.com
[248]Hartz AJ, Bentler SE, Brake KA, et al. The effectiveness of citalopram for idiopathic chronic fatigue. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;64(8):927-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12927008?tool=bestpractice.com
[249]Blockmans D, Persoons P, Van Houdenhove B, et al. Combination therapy with hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone does not improve symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Am J Med. 2003 Jun 15;114(9):736-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829200?tool=bestpractice.com
[250]Cleare AJ, Miell J, Heap E, et al. Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome, and the effects of low-dose hydrocortisone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3545-54.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/86/8/3545/2848467
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11502777?tool=bestpractice.com
[251]Blockmans D, Persoons P, Van Houdenhove B, et al. Does methylphenidate reduce the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome? Am J Med. 2006 Feb;119(2):167.e23-30.
https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343%2805%2900656-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443425?tool=bestpractice.com
[252]van Heukelom RO, Prins JB, Smits MG, et al. Influence of melatonin on fatigue severity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and late melatonin secretion. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Jan;13(1):55-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16420393?tool=bestpractice.com
[253]Williams G, Waterhouse J, Mugarza J, et al. Therapy of circadian rhythm disorders in chronic fatigue syndrome: no symptomatic improvement with melatonin or phototherapy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Nov;32(11):831-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423324?tool=bestpractice.com
[254]Blacker CV, Greenwood DT, Wesnes KA, et al. Effect of galantamine hydrobromide in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 8;292(10):1195-204.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/199392
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15353532?tool=bestpractice.com
[255]Forsyth LM, Preuss HG, MacDowell AL, et al. Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Feb;82(2):185-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071523?tool=bestpractice.com
[256]Castro-Marrero J, Cordero MD, Segundo MJ, et al. Does oral coenzyme Q10 plus NADH supplementation improve fatigue and biochemical parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015 Mar 10;22(8):679-85.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ars.2014.6181
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25386668?tool=bestpractice.com
[257]Zachrisson O, Regland B, Jahreskog M, et al. Treatment with staphylococcus toxoid in fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Pain. 2002;6(6):455-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413434?tool=bestpractice.com
[258]Roerink ME, Bredie SJH, Heijnen M, et al. Cytokine inhibition in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Apr 18;166(8):557-64.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265678?tool=bestpractice.com
[259]Ostojic SM, Stojanovic M, Drid P, et al. Supplementation with guanidinoacetic acid in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutrients. 2016 Jan 29;8(2):72.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/2/72/htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840330?tool=bestpractice.com
[260]Park SB, Kim KN, Sung E, et al. Human placental extract as a subcutaneous injection is effective in chronic fatigue syndrome: a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Biol Pharm Bull. 2016 May 1;39(5):674-9.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/39/5/39_b15-00623/_html/-char/en
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26911970?tool=bestpractice.com
[261]Henderson TA. Valacyclovir treatment of chronic fatigue in adolescents. Adv Mind Body Med. 2014;28:4-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445302?tool=bestpractice.com
[262]Diaz-Mitoma F, Turgonyi E, Kumar A, et al. Clinical improvement in chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with enhanced natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity: the results of a pilot study with Isoprinosine. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2003;11(2):71-95.[263]Yancey JR, Thomas SM. Chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2012 Oct 15;86(8):741-6.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1015/p741.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062157?tool=bestpractice.com
Esses estudos podem apresentar resultados enganadores em razão dos tamanhos diminutos das amostras e desenhos de estudo mal feitos; assim, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela.
Tratamentos comportamentais de baixa intensidade
Métodos alternativos de baixa intensidade de oferecimento de cuidados baseados em evidências (por exemplo, telefone, internet, breves visitas de atenção primária e programas autoadministrados de terapia cognitivo-comportamental [TCC]) sugerem melhorias comparáveis no funcionamento físico, fadiga e satisfação do paciente ao tratamento padrão.[264]Burgess M, Andiappan M, Chalder T. Cognitive behaviour therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome in adults: face to face versus telephone treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2012 Mar;40(2):175-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21929831?tool=bestpractice.com
[265]Tummers M, Knoop H, van Dam A, et al. Implementing a minimal intervention for chronic fatigue syndrome in a mental health centre: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2012 Oct;42(10):2205-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22354999?tool=bestpractice.com
Em um estudo em adultos, a intervenção de “reabilitação pragmática” realizada em domicílio (visita do enfermeiro em pessoa ou por telefone), por 20 semanas, melhorou a fadiga autorrelatada em comparação com a escuta ou tratamento de apoio padrão.[266]Wearden AJ, Dowrick C, Chew-Graham C, et al. Nurse led, home based self help treatment for patients in primary care with chronic fatigue syndrome: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Apr 23;340:c1777.
https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c1777
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418251?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no acompanhamento de 70 semanas. Um ensaio randomizado conduzido na atenção primária constatou que uma intervenção de automanejo da fadiga em 2 sessões melhorou a fadiga autorrelatada em comparação com o monitoramento dos sintomas em 2 sessões ou o tratamento usual. No entanto, altas taxas de desistência limitam a interpretação do estudo.[267]Friedberg F, Napoli A, Coronel J, et al. Chronic fatigue self-management in primary care: a randomized trial. Psychosom Med. 2013 Sep;75(7):650-7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785003
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23922399?tool=bestpractice.com
Pesquisas futuras precisarão explorar a eficácia de diferentes modalidades de administração do tratamento para ajudar a melhorar o acesso às intervenções comportamentais.
Abordagens alternativas e complementares
Vitamina D, suplementos de ácidos graxos essenciais e magnésio, polinutrientes, medicina tradicional chinesa, ioga isométrica, fototerapia, depleção de triptofano, Qigong e intervenções homeopáticas têm sido ambíguos, ou mostraram efeito limitado ou nenhum efeito. Essas intervenções geralmente não são recomendadas na EM/SFC, devido à ausência de evidências suficientes. Além disso, esses estudos podem apresentar resultados enganadores em razão dos tamanhos diminutos das amostras e desenhos do estudo mal feitos; assim, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela.[225]Bagnall AM, Whiting P, Richardson R, et al. Interventions for the treatment and management of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002 Sep;11(3):284-8.
https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/11/3/284
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486997?tool=bestpractice.com
[253]Williams G, Waterhouse J, Mugarza J, et al. Therapy of circadian rhythm disorders in chronic fatigue syndrome: no symptomatic improvement with melatonin or phototherapy. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002 Nov;32(11):831-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423324?tool=bestpractice.com
[268]Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis JC. In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Dec;26(6):745-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380690?tool=bestpractice.com
[269]Brouwers FM, Van Der Werf S, Bleijenberg G, et al. The effect of a polynutrient supplement on fatigue and physical activity of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. QJM. 2002 Oct;95(10):677-83.
https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article/95/10/677/1538323
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12324640?tool=bestpractice.com
[270]Weatherley-Jones E, Nicholl JP, Thomas KJ, et al. A randomised, controlled, triple-blind trial of the efficacy of homeopathic treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 2004 Feb;56(2):189-97.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016577?tool=bestpractice.com
[271]Wang YY, Li XX, Liu JP, et al. Traditional Chinese medicine for chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Aug;22(4):826-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146086?tool=bestpractice.com
[272]Oka T, Tanahashi T, Chijiwa T, et al. Isometric yoga improves the fatigue and pain of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome who are resistant to conventional therapy: a randomized, controlled trial. Biopsychosoc Med. 2014 Dec 11;8(1):27.
https://bpsmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13030-014-0027-8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525457?tool=bestpractice.com
[273]The GK, Verkes RJ, Fekkes D, et al. Tryptophan depletion in chronic fatigue syndrome, a pilot cross-over study. BMC Res Notes. 2014 Sep 16;7:650.
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-650
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227994?tool=bestpractice.com
[274]Ho RT, Chan JS, Wang CW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of qigong exercise on fatigue symptoms, functioning, and telomerase activity in persons with chronic fatigue or chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Behav Med. 2012 Oct;44(2):160-70.
https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/44/2/160/4371425
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22736201?tool=bestpractice.com
[275]Chan JS, Ho RT, Wang CW, et al. Effects of qigong exercise on fatigue, anxiety, and depressive symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness: a randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:485341.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/485341
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983785?tool=bestpractice.com
[276]Alraek T, Lee MS, Choi TY, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Oct 7;11:87.
https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-11-87
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982120?tool=bestpractice.com