Los SMD ocurren principalmente en adultos mayores; la edad media en el momento del diagnóstico es de 70 a 75 años.[9]Sekeres MA, Taylor J. Diagnosis and treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes: a review. JAMA. 2022 Sep 6;328(9):872-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36066514?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Roman E, Smith A, Appleton S, et al. Myeloid malignancies in the real-world: occurrence, progression and survival in the UK's population-based Haematological Malignancy Research Network 2004-15. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;42:186-98.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877782116300364
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27090942?tool=bestpractice.com
Los SMD son más frecuentes en hombres que en mujeres (aproximadamente 2:1).[10]Roman E, Smith A, Appleton S, et al. Myeloid malignancies in the real-world: occurrence, progression and survival in the UK's population-based Haematological Malignancy Research Network 2004-15. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;42:186-98.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877782116300364
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27090942?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Killick SB, Wiseman DH, Quek L, et al. British Society for Haematology guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2021 Jul;194(2):282-93.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.17621
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34137023?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Killick SB, Ingram W, Culligan D, et al. British Society for Haematology guidelines for the management of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2021 Jul;194(2):267-81.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjh.17612
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34180045?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]National Cancer Institute; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER). SEER*Explorer: an interactive website for SEER cancer statistics. Apr 2023 [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer
En los EE. UU., la incidencia de SMD es de aproximadamente 4 por 100 000 (según datos de 2016-2020), que aumenta a aproximadamente 40 por 100 000 en personas de ≥75 años.[13]National Cancer Institute; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER). SEER*Explorer: an interactive website for SEER cancer statistics. Apr 2023 [internet publication].
https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer
La incidencia en el Reino Unido y Europa parece ser similar a la de Estados Unidos.[10]Roman E, Smith A, Appleton S, et al. Myeloid malignancies in the real-world: occurrence, progression and survival in the UK's population-based Haematological Malignancy Research Network 2004-15. Cancer Epidemiol. 2016 Jun;42:186-98.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877782116300364
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27090942?tool=bestpractice.com
Se cree que la incidencia de los SMD está aumentando, en parte debido a un aumento en la incidencia de SMD secundarios (p. ej., después de la exposición a quimioterapia o radioterapia) y al envejecimiento demográfico.[14]Ma X. Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Med. 2012 Jul;125(7 suppl):S2-5.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.04.014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22735748?tool=bestpractice.com
Sin embargo, es difícil obtener datos exactos.
Los SMD en adultos más jóvenes y niños son relativamente raros y a menudo se asocian con trastornos congénitos (p. ej., síndrome de Down, síndrome de Fanconi, síndrome de Bloom).[15]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: myelodysplastic syndromes [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1
[16]Fenaux P, Haase D, Santini V, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Myelodysplastic syndromes: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Feb;32(2):142-56.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(20)43129-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33221366?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Xavier AC, Kutny M, Costa LJ. Incidence and outcomes of paediatric myelodysplastic syndrome in the United States. Br J Haematol. 2018 Mar;180(6):898-901.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14460
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28240841?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Sperling AS, Gibson CJ, Ebert BL. The genetics of myelodysplastic syndrome: from clonal haematopoiesis to secondary leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017 Jan;17(1):5-19.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27834397?tool=bestpractice.com
En los países asiáticos, la edad media a la que se diagnostica a los pacientes es mucho más joven que en otros países.[16]Fenaux P, Haase D, Santini V, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Myelodysplastic syndromes: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Feb;32(2):142-56.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(20)43129-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33221366?tool=bestpractice.com
Aunque la razón de esta diferencia no está clara, la contaminación química y las causas infecciosas, además de las diferencias étnicas, pueden contribuir.[19]Chen B, Zhao WL, Jin J, et al. Clinical and cytogenetic features of 508 Chinese patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and comparison with those in Western countries. Leukemia. 2005 May;19(5):767-75.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15759035?tool=bestpractice.com