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Última revisión: 16 Mar 2025
Última actualización: 11 Oct 2024

Resumen

Definición

Anamnesis y examen

Principales factores de diagnóstico

  • edad avanzada
  • fatiga
  • intolerancia al ejercicio
  • palidez
  • hematomas o sangrado
  • quimioterapia y/o radioterapia previa
  • trastorno congénito
  • infecciones bacterianas

Otros factores de diagnóstico

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • trastornos autoinmunitarios
  • esplenomegalia
  • hepatomegalia
  • linfadenopatía

Factores de riesgo

  • edad >70 años
  • quimioterapia previa
  • radioterapia previa
  • Trasplante autólogo previo de células madre hematopoyéticas
  • trastornos congénitos
  • tabaco
  • benceno
  • anemia aplásica
  • hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN)

Pruebas diagnósticas

Primeras pruebas diagnósticas para solicitar

  • hemograma completo (HC) con diferencial
  • frotis de sangre periférica
  • recuento de reticulocitos
  • folato en hematíes
  • vitamina B12 sérica
  • análisis de hierro
  • aspiración de médula ósea con tinción de hierro
  • biopsia de médula ósea con aguja gruesa
  • pruebas genéticas

Pruebas diagnósticas que deben considerarse

  • serología viral
  • eritropoyetina sérica
  • lactato deshidrogenasa
  • tipificación del antígeno leucocitario humano (ALH)
  • citometría de flujo

Algoritmo de tratamiento

Colaboradores

Autores

Vijaya Raj Bhatt, MBBS, MS

​Associate Professor

Section Leader, Malignant Hematology

University of Nebraska Medical Center Division of Hematology-Oncology

Nebraska

NE

Divulgaciones

VRB has participated in a Safety Monitoring Committee for Protagonist Therapeutics and served as an Associate Editor for the journal Current Problems in Cancer. He has received consulting fees from Taiho, Sanofi, Imugene, Genentech, Incyte, Servier Pharmaceuticals, and AbbVie; research funding (institutional) from MEI Pharma, Actinium Pharmaceutical, Sanofi, AbbVie, Pfizer, Incyte, Jazz, and NMDP; and drug support (institutional) from Chimerix for a trial.

Prajwal Dhakal, MBBS

​Clinical Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine-Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation

University of Iowa

Iowa City

IA

Divulgaciones

PPD has been reimbursed by the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation for presenting on the topic 'High-risk MDS: non-transplant therapies, current therapies, and clinical trials' in a patient and family conference. PD has received consulting fees from AbbVie pharmaceuticals.

Agradecimientos

Dr Vijaya Raj Bhatt and Dr Prajwal Dhakal would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor Apar Kishor Ganti and Associate Professor Alissa Marr, previous contributors to this topic.

Divulgaciones

AKG has received research support from Amgen, Apexigen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Merck, New Link Genetics, Pfizer, and Takeda Oncology. AKG has been reimbursed for consulting work for AbbVie and Genentech. None of the grants or payments relate to work involving myelodysplastic syndrome. AM declares that she has no competing interests.

Revisores por pares

David P. Steensma, MD, FACP

Associate Professor of Medicine (Hematology) and Oncology

Division of Hematology

Department of Medicine

Mayo Clinic

Rochester

MN

Divulgaciones

DPS declares that he has no competing interests.

Adrian C. Newland, BA, MB, BCh, MA, FRCP, FRCPath

Professor of Haematology

Queen Mary University

London

UK

Divulgaciones

ACN declares that he has no competing interests.

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