El enfoque de gestión descrito en este tema se centra en los adultos con LH.
La quimioterapia y la radioterapia son la piedra angular del tratamiento del LH. El objetivo del tratamiento de todos los pacientes con LH es la curación minimizando el riesgo de toxicidad y las complicaciones a largo plazo.
El LH en pacientes de edad avanzada (>60 años) se asocia con desenlaces más desfavorables y mayor toxicidad y mortalidad relacionadas con el tratamiento en comparación con los pacientes más jóvenes.[47]Jagadeesh D, Diefenbach C, Evens AM. XII. Hodgkin lymphoma in older patients: challenges and opportunities to improve outcomes. Hematol Oncol. 2013 Jun;31 Suppl 1:69-75.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hon.2070
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775654?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]Böll B, Görgen H, Fuchs M, et al. ABVD in older patients with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated within the German Hodgkin Study Group HD10 and HD11 trials. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Apr 20;31(12):1522-9.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.4181?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23509310?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Ballova V, Rüffer JU, Haverkamp H, et al. A prospectively randomized trial carried out by the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) for elderly patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease comparing BEACOPP baseline and COPP-ABVD (study HD9elderly). Ann Oncol. 2005 Jan;16(1):124-31.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)41646-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15598949?tool=bestpractice.com
Se pueden considerar regímenes de tratamiento alternativos para pacientes de >60 años, o con un estado funcional deficiente o comorbilidades importantes. La bleomicina debe usarse con precaución; los regímenes estándar pueden adaptarse para eliminar la bleomicina o restringir su uso a solo dos ciclos.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) clásico en etapa inicial (etapas I y II)
La ausencia o presencia de criterios pronósticos específicos determina si el paciente presenta una enfermedad en etapa inicial favorable o desfavorable. Los criterios de pronóstico favorable del German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) (Véase Criterios diagnósticos1) son los más utilizados en EE.UU.:[44]Dhakal S, Advani R, Ballas LK, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® Hodgkin lymphoma-favorable prognosis stage I and II. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016 Dec;39(6):535-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27643717?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]German Hodgkin Study Group. Disease stages and risk factors. 2019 [internet publication].
https://en.ghsg.org/disease-stages
Relación de masa mediastínica (RMM) <0.33
Velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VSG) <50 mm/hora si no hay síntomas B; VSG <30 mm/hora si hay síntomas B
Afectación de los sitios nodales ≤2
No hay enfermedad extraganglionar.
El tratamiento más eficaz para la enfermedad en etapa inicial (favorable o desfavorable) es la terapia de modalidad combinada, que comprende quimioterapia combinada (normalmente ABVD [doxorrubicina, bleomicina, vinblastina, dacarbazina]) seguida de radioterapia.[51]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4634-42.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.09.085
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Straus DJ, Portlock CS, Qin J, et al. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by radiation therapy (RT) versus ABVD alone for stages I, II, and IIIA nonbulky Hodgkin disease. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3483-9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/104/12/3483.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315964?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Blank O, von Tresckow B, Monsef I, et al. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 27;(4):CD007110.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007110.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28447341?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Noordijk EM, Carde P, Dupouy N, et al. Combined-modality therapy for clinical stage I or II Hodgkin's lymphoma: long-term results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer H7 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3128-35.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.05.2746
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16754934?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Press OW, LeBlanc M, Lichter AS, et al. Phase III randomized intergroup trial of subtotal lymphoid irradiation versus doxorubicin, vinblastine, and subtotal lymphoid irradiation for stage IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Nov 15;19(22):4238-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11709567?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Specht L, Gray RG, Clarke MJ, et al. Influence of more extensive radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term outcome of early-stage Hodgkin's disease: a meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials involving 3,888 patients. International Hodgkin's Disease Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Mar;16(3):830-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508163?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al; Children's Cancer Group. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228196?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Fermé C, Thomas J, Brice P, et al. ABVD or BEACOPP(baseline) along with involved-field radiotherapy in early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma with risk factors: results of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-Groupe d'Étude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) H9-U intergroup randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Aug;81:45-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28601705?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
Se puede considerar un enfoque de quimioterapia en solitario si se prefiere evitar la radioterapia (p. ej., debido a la edad del paciente, sexo, antecedentes familiares de cáncer o enfermedad cardiaca, comorbilidades, sitios de afectación).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[62]Connors JM. The case for chemotherapy alone for limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncologist. 2012;17(8):1011-3.
http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1011.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807512?tool=bestpractice.com
[63]Hill-Kayser CE, Plastaras JP, Tochner Z, et al. The case for combined-modality therapy for limited-stage Hodgkin's disease. Oncologist. 2012;17(8):1006-10.
http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/17/8/1006.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22807513?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
La decisión de omitir la radioterapia debe ser tomada por un equipo multidisciplinar experto y debatida con el paciente sobre los riesgos y beneficios. La quimioterapia en solitario se asocia a una tasa ligeramente inferior de control tumoral y a una mayor tasa de recidiva en comparación con la terapia de modalidad combinada, pero las tasas de supervivencia son similares.[51]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. Randomized comparison of ABVD chemotherapy with a strategy that includes radiation therapy in patients with limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4634-42.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.09.085
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15837968?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Straus DJ, Portlock CS, Qin J, et al. Results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) followed by radiation therapy (RT) versus ABVD alone for stages I, II, and IIIA nonbulky Hodgkin disease. Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3483-9.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/104/12/3483.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315964?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Blank O, von Tresckow B, Monsef I, et al. Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 27;(4):CD007110.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007110.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28447341?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Nachman JB, Sposto R, Herzog P, et al; Children's Cancer Group. Randomized comparison of low-dose involved-field radiotherapy and no radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease who achieve a complete response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep 15;20(18):3765-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228196?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[69]Hay AE, Klimm B, Chen BE, et al. An individual patient-data comparison of combined modality therapy and ABVD alone for patients with limited-stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2013 Dec;24(12):3065-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt389
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24121121?tool=bestpractice.com
[
]
How does positron emission tomography-adapted therapy as first-line treatment affect outcomes in people with early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.758/fullMostrarme la respuesta
Radioterapia para el LH en fase inicial
La radioterapia in situ (ISRT) es preferible a la radioterapia tradicional de campo comprometido (IFRT) debido a su menor riesgo de efectos adversos.[70]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
[71]Roberts KB, Younes A, Hodgson DC, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® Hodgkin lymphoma-unfavorable clinical stage I and II. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016 Aug;39(4):384-95.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000294
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299425?tool=bestpractice.com
[72]Kamran SC, Jacene HA, Chen YH, et al. Clinical outcome of patients with early stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ABVD × two cycles followed by FDG-PET/CT restaging and 20 Gy of involved-site radiotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018 Jun;59(6):1384-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28937297?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Wirth A, Mikhaeel NG, Aleman BMP, et al. Involved site radiation therapy in adult lymphomas: an overview of International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group guidelines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020 Aug 1;107(5):909-33.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.03.019
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32272184?tool=bestpractice.com
La radioterapia ISRT concentra la radiación únicamente en los ganglios linfáticos afectados y en las zonas cercanas, minimizando la exposición a la radiación de las estructuras no afectadas.
Los efectos adversos agudos de la radioterapia dependen de la región tratada y de la dosis empleada.
Los pacientes que reciben tratamiento en el mediastino pueden desarrollar esofagitis, clínicamente aparente como odinofagia que a veces requiere analgésicos opioides para mantener la ingesta oral. La radioterapia infradiafragmática puede provocar náuseas o diarrea.
La fatiga es frecuente en todos los pacientes que reciben radioterapia. Los posibles efectos adversos a largo plazo de la radioterapia incluyen neoplasias malignas secundarias, enfermedades cardiovasculares y disminución de la función pulmonar.
Tratamiento adaptado a la TEP para el LH en fase inicial
Se recomienda un enfoque terapéutico adaptado a la TEP para todos los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa temprana (favorable o desfavorable), ya que ofrece la oportunidad de equilibrar la eficacia y la toxicidad del tratamiento.[5]Eichenauer DA, Aleman BM, André M, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(4 suppl):iv19-29.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)31690-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796651?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[54]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[74]Engert A, Plütschow A, Eich HT, et al. Reduced treatment intensity in patients with early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 12;363(7):640-52.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1000067
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818855?tool=bestpractice.com
[75]Aldin A, Umlauff L, Estcourt LJ, et al. Interim PET-results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factor studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 13;1(1):CD012643.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31930780?tool=bestpractice.com
Este enfoque suele implicar la realización de una TEP/TC provisional tras dos ciclos iniciales de quimioterapia (p. ej., ABVD) para evaluar la respuesta metabólica al tratamiento y para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., quimioterapia y/o radioterapia adicionales).
La respuesta metabólica se determina mediante los criterios de Deauville, que asignan una puntuación de 1 a 5 en función de la captación de fluorodesoxiglucosa (FDG) en las zonas afectadas.[40]Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):3048-58.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2013.53.5229
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25113771?tool=bestpractice.com
Se considera que los pacientes con una puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3 (es decir, TEP/TC negativo) tienen una respuesta metabólica completa. Se considera que los pacientes con una puntuación Deauville de 4 o 5 (es decir, TEP/TC positiva) presentan una respuesta metabólica parcial (véase Criterios diagnósticos).
Tratamiento del LH en etapa inicial favorable
Los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa inicial favorable suelen recibir dos ciclos iniciales de ABVD seguidos de una TEP/TC intermedia.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Aquellos a los que se destine una modalidad de tratamiento combinado pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville 1 a 2: 20 Gy de radioterapia, o un ciclo adicional de ABVD seguido de 30 Gy de radioterapia.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 3: 20 Gy de radioterapia, o dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD seguidos de 30 Gy de radioterapia (basado en el estudio RAPID).[61]Fuchs M, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided treatment in early-stage favorable Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the international, randomized phase III HD16 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Nov 1;37(31):2835-45.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00964
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31498753?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD seguidos de una TEP/TC de reestadificación para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Radford J, Illidge T, Counsell N, et al. Results of a trial of PET-directed therapy for early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23;372(17):1598-607.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25901426?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativo (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), puede administrarse radioterapia de 30 Gy. Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 o 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Puntuación Deauville 5: se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa inicial favorable a los que se destina un enfoque de quimioterapia en solitario pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville 1 ó 2: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 3: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD o cuatro ciclos adicionales de AVD.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD seguidos de una TEP/TC de reestadificación para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativa (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), debe considerarse la radioterapia de 30 Gy. Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Puntuación Deauville 5: se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Tratamiento del LH inicial desfavorable
Los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa inicial desfavorable suelen recibir dos ciclos iniciales de ABVD seguidos de una TEP/TC intermedia para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.
Las personas con enfermedad no voluminosa o voluminosa a los que se destina la modalidad de tratamiento combinado pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores, en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD seguidos de 30 Gy de radioterapia.[54]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD o BEACOPP escalado (bleomicina, etopósido, doxorrubicina, ciclofosfamida, vincristina, procarbazina, prednisolona), seguidos de una nueva estadificación TEP/TC.[54]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativa (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), puede administrarse radioterapia de 30 Gy. Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Las personas con enfermedad no voluminosa en etapa inicial desfavorable a los que se destine quimioterapia en solitario pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores, en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville 1 a 2: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 3: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD o cuatro ciclos adicionales de AVD.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4: dos ciclos adicionales de ABVD seguidos de una TEP/TC de reestadificación para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Meyer RM, Gospodarowicz MK, Connors JM, et al. ABVD alone versus radiation-based therapy in limited-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Feb 2;366(5):399-408.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111961
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22149921?tool=bestpractice.com
[66]Straus DJ, Jung SH, Pitcher B, et al. CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET. Blood. 2018 Sep 6;132(10):1013-21.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-01-827246
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30049811?tool=bestpractice.com
[67]Raemaekers JM, André MP, Federico M, et al. Omitting radiotherapy in early positron emission tomography-negative stage I/II Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an increased risk of early relapse: clinical results of the preplanned interim analysis of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Apr 20;32(12):1188-94.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2013.51.9298
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24637998?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la reestadificación por TEP/TC es negativa (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), se deben considerar dos ciclos adicionales de AVD seguidos de radioterapia de 30 Gy. Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Puntuación Deauville 5: se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Las personas con enfermedad voluminosa desfavorable en etapa inicial a los que se destine quimioterapia en solitario pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores, en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3: cuatro ciclos adicionales de AVD.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5: dos ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP con una escalada del tratamiento, seguidos de una TEP/TC de reestadificación.[54]Eich HT, Diehl V, Görgen H, et al. Intensified chemotherapy and dose-reduced involved-field radiotherapy in patients with early unfavorable Hodgkin's lymphoma: final analysis of the German Hodgkin Study Group HD11 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4199-206.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713848?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]André MPE, Girinsky T, Federico M, et al. Early positron emission tomography response-adapted treatment in stage I and II Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the randomized EORTC/LYSA/FIL H10 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2017 Jun 1;35(16):1786-94.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.6394
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291393?tool=bestpractice.com
[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[76]Gallamini A, Rossi A, Patti C, et al. Consolidation radiotherapy could be safely omitted in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma with large nodal mass in complete metabolic response after ABVD: final analysis of the randomized GITIL/FIL HD0607 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Nov 20;38(33):3905-13.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00935
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32946355?tool=bestpractice.com
[77]LaCasce AS, Dockter T, Ruppert AS, et al. Positron emission tomography-adapted therapy in bulky stage I/II classic Hodgkin lymphoma: CALGB 50801 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct 21:JCO2200947.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36269899?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativa (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), pueden administrarse dos ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP escalado. Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) clásico avanzado (etapas III y IV)
Las opciones de tratamiento inicial para la enfermedad en etapa avanzada incluyen:[78]Hoskin PJ, Lowry L, Horwich A, et al. Randomized comparison of the Stanford V regimen and ABVD in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Nov 10;27(32):5390-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19738111?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]Federico M, Luminari S, Iannitto E, et al; HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. ABVD compared with BEACOPP compared with CEC for the initial treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10;27(5):805-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124807?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]Skoetz N, Will A, Monsef I, et al. Comparison of first-line chemotherapy including escalated BEACOPP versus chemotherapy including ABVD for people with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 25;(5):CD007941.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007941.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541603?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Gordon LI, Hong F, Fisher RI, et al. Randomized phase III trial of ABVD versus Stanford V with or without radiation therapy in locally extensive and advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma: an intergroup study coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E2496). J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 20;31(6):684-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182987?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Engert A, Haverkamp H, Kobe C, et al. Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 May 12;379(9828):1791-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480758?tool=bestpractice.com
[83]Forero-Torres A, Holkova B, Goldschmidt J, et al. Phase 2 study of frontline brentuximab vedotin monotherapy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients aged 60 years and older. Blood. 2015 Sep 16;126(26):2798-804.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/126/26/2798.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377597?tool=bestpractice.com
[84]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
[85]Connors JM, Jurczak W, Straus DJ, et al; ECHELON-1 Study Group. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 10;378(4):331-44.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1708984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29224502?tool=bestpractice.com
[86]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Alekseev S, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III/IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year update of the ECHELON-1 study. Blood. 2020 Mar 5;135(10):735-42.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003127
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31945149?tool=bestpractice.com
[87]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Connors JM, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (ECHELON-1): 5-year update of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e410-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048680?tool=bestpractice.com
ABVD y brentuximab vedotin más AVD son los tratamientos iniciales preferidos para los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa avanzada.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Brentuximab vedotin más AVD ofrece una ventaja de supervivencia, en comparación con ABVD en pacientes con enfermedad en etapa avanzada.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[86]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Alekseev S, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III/IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year update of the ECHELON-1 study. Blood. 2020 Mar 5;135(10):735-42.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003127
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31945149?tool=bestpractice.com
[87]Straus DJ, Długosz-Danecka M, Connors JM, et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for stage III or IV classical Hodgkin lymphoma (ECHELON-1): 5-year update of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e410-21.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048680?tool=bestpractice.com
[88]Ansell SM, Radford J, Connors JM, et al. Overall survival with brentuximab vedotin in stage III or IV Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 28;387(4):310-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35830649?tool=bestpractice.com
Sin embargo, se requiere precaución cuando se utiliza en pacientes de edad avanzada (edad >60 años) y en personas con neuropatía de base. Para los pacientes de más edad, la opción preferida puede ser brentuximab vedotina más AVD secuencial.[84]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
Esto implica la administración de 2 ciclos de brentuximab vedotin seguidos de 6 ciclos de AVD seguidos de 4 ciclos de brentuximab vedotin.[84]Evens AM, Advani RH, Helenowski IB, et al. Multicenter phase II study of sequential brentuximab vedotin and doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy for older patients with untreated classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Sep 4;36(30):3015-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30179569?tool=bestpractice.com
BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento es un régimen de quimioterapia intensiva que mejora el control de la enfermedad, en comparación con ABVD, pero se asocia a un mayor riesgo de toxicidad y leucemias agudas secundarias.[79]Federico M, Luminari S, Iannitto E, et al; HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. ABVD compared with BEACOPP compared with CEC for the initial treatment of patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: results from the HD2000 Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Linfomi Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Feb 10;27(5):805-11.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124807?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]Skoetz N, Will A, Monsef I, et al. Comparison of first-line chemotherapy including escalated BEACOPP versus chemotherapy including ABVD for people with early unfavourable or advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 25;(5):CD007941.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007941.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541603?tool=bestpractice.com
[89]Franklin J, Eichenauer DA, Becker I, et al. Optimisation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for untreated Hodgkin lymphoma patients with respect to second malignant neoplasms, overall and progression-free survival: individual participant data analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 13;(9):CD008814.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008814.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28901021?tool=bestpractice.com
[90]Engert A, Diehl V, Franklin J, et al. Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4548-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704068?tool=bestpractice.com
[91]Viviani S, Zinzani PL, Rambaldi A, et al. ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:203-212.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1100340#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774708?tool=bestpractice.com
Además, dada la eficacia del tratamiento de segunda línea para los pacientes que presentan recidiva tras ABVD, el uso de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento de primera línea no ofrece una ventaja de supervivencia en comparación con ABVD.[90]Engert A, Diehl V, Franklin J, et al. Escalated-dose BEACOPP in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma: 10 years of follow-up of the GHSG HD9 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 20;27(27):4548-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19704068?tool=bestpractice.com
[91]Viviani S, Zinzani PL, Rambaldi A, et al. ABVD versus BEACOPP for Hodgkin's lymphoma when high-dose salvage is planned. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:203-212.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1100340#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774708?tool=bestpractice.com
[92]Merli F, Luminari S, Gobbi PG, et al. Long-term results of the HD2000 trial comparing ABVD versus BEACOPP versus COPP-EBV-CAD in untreated patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: a study by Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Apr 10;34(11):1175-81.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.62.4817
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26712220?tool=bestpractice.com
[93]Carde P, Karrasch M, Fortpied C, et al. Eight cycles of ABVD versus four cycles of BEACOPP escalated plus four cycles of BEACOPP baseline in stage III to IV, International Prognostic Score ≥ 3, high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma: first results of the phase III EORTC 20012 Intergroup Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 10;34(17):2028-36.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.5648
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114593?tool=bestpractice.com
El uso de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento como tratamiento inicial puede considerarse en el caso de pacientes más jóvenes (edad <60 años) con mal pronóstico.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Tratamiento adaptado a la TEP para el LH en etapa avanzada
Puede utilizarse un enfoque terapéutico adaptado a la TEP en pacientes con enfermedad en etapa avanzada para guiar las decisiones terapéuticas relativas a la intensificación o reducción de la quimioterapia.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2790-802.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061295?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):202-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658935?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Kreissl S, Goergen H, Buehnen I, et al. PET-guided eBEACOPP treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HD18): follow-up analysis of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e398-409.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048679?tool=bestpractice.com
Los pacientes con enfermedad en etapa avanzada a los que se destina la inducción estándar con quimioterapia ABVD suelen recibir dos ciclos iniciales de ABVD, seguidos de una TEP/TC intermedia para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Los pacientes pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores, en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3: cuatro ciclos adicionales de AVD.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5 (pacientes de edad ≤60 años): tres ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento, seguidos de una nueva estadificación mediante TEP/TC.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativa (puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3), puede administrarse un ciclo adicional de BEACOPP escalado.[68]Johnson P, Federico M, Kirkwood A, et al. Adapted treatment guided by interim PET-CT scan in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 23;374(25):2419-29.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1510093
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27332902?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 o 5), se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Puntuación Deauville 4 o 5 (pacientes >60 años): se recomienda un tratamiento individualizado.[5]Eichenauer DA, Aleman BM, André M, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(4 suppl):iv19-29.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)31690-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796651?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Los pacientes de edad avanzada suelen presentar más comorbilidades médicas y un pronóstico más desfavorable que los más jóvenes; por lo tanto, el tratamiento debe individualizarse para minimizar la toxicidad y mantener al mismo tiempo la eficacia. La bleomicina no debe utilizarse durante más de 2 ciclos en pacientes de edad avanzada.[5]Eichenauer DA, Aleman BM, André M, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(4 suppl):iv19-29.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)31690-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796651?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Los pacientes seleccionados (p. ej., los que presentan una puntuación pronóstica internacional [IPS] ≥4 y una edad <60 años) pueden ser adecuados para una quimioterapia de inducción intensiva inicial que comprenda dos ciclos iniciales de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento, seguidos de una TEP/TC intermedia para evaluar la respuesta metabólica e informar sobre el tratamiento posterior.[94]Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2790-802.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061295?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):202-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658935?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Kreissl S, Goergen H, Buehnen I, et al. PET-guided eBEACOPP treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HD18): follow-up analysis of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e398-409.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048679?tool=bestpractice.com
Los pacientes pueden recibir los siguientes tratamientos posteriores, en función de su puntuación Deauville en la TEP/TC provisional:
Puntuación Deauville de 1 a 3: dos ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento, o cuatro ciclos adicionales de ABVD.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[94]Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2790-802.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061295?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):202-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658935?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Kreissl S, Goergen H, Buehnen I, et al. PET-guided eBEACOPP treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HD18): follow-up analysis of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e398-409.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048679?tool=bestpractice.com
La bleomicina puede omitirse en el ABVD para reducir la toxicidad.
Puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5: se recomienda una biopsia para informar sobre el tratamiento posterior (p. ej., terapia de rescate o intensificación del tratamiento).[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Los pacientes con una biopsia positiva pueden requerir terapia de rescate. Los pacientes con biopsia negativa pueden recibir dos ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP con escalada de tratamiento seguidos de una nueva estadificación mediante TEP/TC.[94]Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2790-802.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061295?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):202-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658935?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Kreissl S, Goergen H, Buehnen I, et al. PET-guided eBEACOPP treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HD18): follow-up analysis of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e398-409.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048679?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la TEP/TC de reestadificación es negativa (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3), pueden administrarse dos ciclos adicionales de BEACOPP escalado.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[94]Borchmann P, Goergen H, Kobe C, et al. PET-guided treatment in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD18): final results of an open-label, international, randomised phase 3 trial by the German Hodgkin Study Group. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2790-802.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061295?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Casasnovas RO, Bouabdallah R, Brice P, et al. PET-adapted treatment for newly diagnosed advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (AHL2011): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Feb;20(2):202-15.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30658935?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Kreissl S, Goergen H, Buehnen I, et al. PET-guided eBEACOPP treatment of advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma (HD18): follow-up analysis of an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Jun;8(6):e398-409.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34048679?tool=bestpractice.com
Si la reestadificación TEP/TC es positiva (puntuación Deauville 4 ó 5), se recomienda otra biopsia.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Radioterapia de consolidación para el LH avanzado
La radioterapia de consolidación (es decir, después de la quimioterapia inicial) puede evitarse en pacientes con enfermedad en etapa avanzada si la TEP/TC al final del tratamiento es negativa.[76]Gallamini A, Rossi A, Patti C, et al. Consolidation radiotherapy could be safely omitted in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma with large nodal mass in complete metabolic response after ABVD: final analysis of the randomized GITIL/FIL HD0607 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Nov 20;38(33):3905-13.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00935
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32946355?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Engert A, Haverkamp H, Kobe C, et al. Reduced-intensity chemotherapy and PET-guided radiotherapy in patients with advanced stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HD15 trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012 May 12;379(9828):1791-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22480758?tool=bestpractice.com
[97]Aleman BM, Raemaekers JM, Tirelli U, et al; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Group. Involved-field radiotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2396-406.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022628
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802025?tool=bestpractice.com
[98]DeVita VT Jr. Hodgkin's disease - clinical trials and travails. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2375-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802021?tool=bestpractice.com
[99]Fabian CJ, Mansfield CM, Dahlberg S, et al. Low-dose involved field radiation after chemotherapy in advanced Hodgkin disease. A Southwest Oncology Group randomized study. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 1;120(11):903-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172436?tool=bestpractice.com
[100]Prosnitz LR. Consolidation radiotherapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease: is it dead? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:605-608.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12788163?tool=bestpractice.com
[101]Johnson PW, Sydes MR, Hancock BW, et al. Consolidation radiotherapy in patients with advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma: survival data from the UKLG LY09 randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN97144519). J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 10;28(20):3352-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20498402?tool=bestpractice.com
[102]Gallamini A, Tarella C, Viviani S, et al. Early chemotherapy intensification with escalated BEACOPP in patients with advanced-stage Hodgkin lymphoma with a positive interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan after two ABVD cycles: long-term results of the GITIL/FIL HD 0607 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 10;36(5):454-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.75.2543
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29360414?tool=bestpractice.com
La radioterapia de consolidación (30 a 36 Gy) puede considerarse para pacientes con enfermedad residual positiva para TEP tras la finalización del tratamiento inicial con quimioterapia.
LH clásico refractario o recidivante
El LH refractario o recidivante debe confirmarse mediante biopsia.
El tratamiento del LH refractario o en recidiva debe individualizarse, teniendo en cuenta factores como el tratamiento previo de primera línea, la edad del paciente, las comorbilidades médicas, la duración de la primera remisión y la etapa en el momento de la recidiva. El objetivo del tratamiento, al menos inicialmente, es la curación.
La terapia de rescate, seguida de quimioterapia a dosis altas (para acondicionamiento) y trasplante autólogo de células madre (ATCM), es el abordaje estándar para la mayoría de los pacientes que presentan recidiva tras el tratamiento de primera línea.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[103]Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone-marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomised trial. Lancet. 1993;341:1051-1054.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8096958?tool=bestpractice.com
[104]Schmitz N, Pfistner B, Sextro M, et al; German Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group; Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Aggressive conventional chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for relapsed chemosensitive Hodgkin's disease: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002 Jun 15;359(9323):2065-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086759?tool=bestpractice.com
[105]Baetz T, Belch A, Couban S, et al. Gemcitabine, dexamethasone and cisplatin is an active and non-toxic chemotherapy regimen in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's disease: a phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol. 2003 Dec;14(12):1762-7.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)64251-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14630682?tool=bestpractice.com
[106]Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001 Feb 1;97(3):616-23.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/97/3/616.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157476?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007 Jan;92(1):35-41.
http://www.haematologica.org/content/92/1/35.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229633?tool=bestpractice.com
[108]Moskowitz AJ, Herrera AF, Beaven AW. Relapsed and refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: keeping pace with novel agents and new options for salvage therapy. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2019 Jan;39:477-86.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_238799
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31099645?tool=bestpractice.com
La radioterapia puede utilizarse junto con la quimioterapia a dosis altas (como parte del acondicionamiento) en pacientes elegibles. El trasplante alogénico de células madre (AlloSCT) puede considerarse en pacientes que presentan recidiva tras un ATCM, pero esto es controvertido.[109]Anderlini P, Champlin RE. Reduced intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: where do we stand? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006 Jun;12(6):599-602.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737932?tool=bestpractice.com
[110]Moskowitz CH. Should all patients with HL who relapse after ASCT be considered for allogeneic SCT? A consult, yes; a transplant, not necessarily. Blood Adv. 2018 Apr 10;2(7):821-4.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2017011130
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636328?tool=bestpractice.com
En pacientes seleccionados, la radioterapia en solitario, o la quimioterapia en solitario, son adecuadas tras la terapia de rescate.[111]Josting A, Nogova L, Franklin J, et al. Salvage radiotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1522-1529.
http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/23/7/1522
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632410?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]Constine LS, Yahalom J, Ng AK, et al. The role of radiation therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018 Jan 9;100(5):1100-18.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722655?tool=bestpractice.com
La función del tratamiento de rescate es reducir la carga tumoral y movilizar las células madre antes del acondicionamiento y el ATCM.[5]Eichenauer DA, Aleman BM, André M, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(4 suppl):iv19-29.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)31690-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29796651?tool=bestpractice.com
Los regímenes de quimioterapia combinada pueden utilizarse como terapia de rescate. El régimen de rescate óptimo no está claro debido a la falta de ensayos aleatorizados directos; sin embargo, los siguientes se utilizan de manera frecuente:[106]Moskowitz CH, Nimer SD, Zelenetz AD, et al. A 2-step comprehensive high-dose chemoradiotherapy second-line program for relapsed and refractory Hodgkin disease: analysis by intent to treat and development of a prognostic model. Blood. 2001 Feb 1;97(3):616-23.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/97/3/616.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157476?tool=bestpractice.com
[107]Santoro A, Magagnoli M, Spina M, et al. Ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine: a new induction regimen for refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma. Haematologica. 2007 Jan;92(1):35-41.
http://www.haematologica.org/content/92/1/35.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229633?tool=bestpractice.com
[113]Castagna L, Santoro A, Carlo-Stella C. Salvage therapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: a review of current regimens and outcomes. J Blood Med. 2020;11:389-403.
https://www.doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S250581
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149713?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Santoro A, Mazza R, Pulsoni A, et al. Bendamustine in combination with gemcitabine and vinorelbine is an effective regimen as induction chemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Sep 20;34(27):3293-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.66.4466
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27382096?tool=bestpractice.com
[115]Santoro A, Mazza R, Pulsoni A, et al. Five-year results of the BEGEV salvage regimen in relapsed/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2020 Jan 14;4(1):136-40.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000984
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31935284?tool=bestpractice.com
[116]Josting A, Rudolph C, Reiser M, et al. Time-intensified dexamethasone/cisplatin/cytarabine: an effective salvage therapy with low toxicity in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 2002 Oct;13(10):1628-35.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdf221
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377653?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]Bartlett NL, Niedzwiecki D, Johnson JL, et al. Gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (GVD), a salvage regimen in relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: CALGB 59804. Ann Oncol. 2007 Jun;18(6):1071-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm090
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426059?tool=bestpractice.com
BeGEV (bendamustina, gemcitabina, vinorelbina)
DHAP (dexametasona, citarabina, cisplatino)
GVD (gemcitabina, vinorelbina, doxorrubicina liposomal pegilada)
ICE (ifosfamida, carboplatino, etopósido)
IGEV (ifosfamida, gemcitabina, vinorelbina)
Se dispone de varios fármacos inmunoterapéuticos para pacientes con LH clásico recidivante o refractario. Los siguientes regímenes combinados basados en inmunoterapia también pueden considerarse para el uso como terapia de rescate antes de un ATCM (en aquellos que no se han sometido previamente a un ATCM) en el contexto refractario al tratamiento o recidivante:[118]O'Connor OA, Lue JK, Sawas A, et al. Brentuximab vedotin plus bendamustine in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma: an international, multicentre, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Feb;19(2):257-66.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29276022?tool=bestpractice.com
[119]Advani RH, Moskowitz AJ, Bartlett NL, et al. Brentuximab vedotin in combination with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year study results. Blood. 2021 Aug 12;138(6):427-38.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020009178
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33827139?tool=bestpractice.com
[120]Lynch RC, Cassaday RD, Smith SD, et al. Dose-dense brentuximab vedotin plus ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for second-line treatment of relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: a single centre, phase 1/2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e562-71.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34329577?tool=bestpractice.com
[121]Mei MG, Lee HJ, Palmer JM, et al. Response-adapted anti-PD-1-based salvage therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma with nivolumab alone or in combination with ICE. Blood. 2022 Jun 23;139(25):3605-3616.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35316328?tool=bestpractice.com
[122]Moskowitz AJ, Shah G, Schöder H, et al. Phase II trial of pembrolizumab plus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and liposomal doxorubicin as second-line therapy for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Oct 1;39(28):3109-17.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01056
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34170745?tool=bestpractice.com
Brentuximab vedotin más bendamustina
Brentuximab vedotin más nivolumab
Brentuximab vedotina más ICE
Nivolumab más ICE
Pembrolizumab más GVD
Tratamiento adaptado a la TEP para el LH refractario o recidivante
En el LH refractario o recidivante se utiliza un enfoque terapéutico adaptado a la TEP para optimizar los resultados tras el trasplante de células madre. Una TEP/TC negativa previa al trasplante (puntuación de Deauville de 1 a 3) se asocia a unos resultados óptimos tras el trasplante y, por lo tanto, debería ser el objetivo del tratamiento de rescate previo al ATCM.[123]Moskowitz CH, Matasar MJ, Zelenetz AD, et al. Normalization of pre-ASCT, FDG-PET imaging with second-line, non-cross-resistant, chemotherapy programs improves event-free survival in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2012 Feb 16;119(7):1665-70.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/119/7/1665.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22184409?tool=bestpractice.com
[124]Adams HJ, Kwee TC. Prognostic value of pretransplant FDG-PET in refractory/relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma treated with autologous stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol. 2016 Apr;95(5):695-706.
https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00277-016-2619-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26931115?tool=bestpractice.com
Se puede considerar a los pacientes con una TEP/TC positiva (puntuación de Deauville 4 ó 5) después de la terapia de rescate para un régimen de rescate diferente para lograr una TEP/TC negativa.[125]Fehniger TA, Larson S, Trinkaus K, et al. A phase 2 multicenter study of lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2011 Nov 10;118(19):5119-25.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/118/19/5119.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21937701?tool=bestpractice.com
[126]Johnston PB, Pinter-Brown LC, Warsi G, et al. Phase 2 study of everolimus for relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2018;7:12.
https://www.doi.org/10.1186/s40164-018-0103-z
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29774169?tool=bestpractice.com
[127]Moskowitz AJ, Hamlin PA Jr, Perales MA, et al. Phase II study of bendamustine in relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 1;31(4):456-60.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.3308
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23248254?tool=bestpractice.com
Tratamiento de mantenimiento tras un trasplante autólogo de células madre (TACM)
Se recomienda brentuximab vedotina como tratamiento de consolidación/mantenimiento tras un TACM en pacientes con alto riesgo de recidiva (p. ej., los refractarios al tratamiento inicial; los que presentan recidiva en los 12 meses siguientes al tratamiento inicial con ABVD o BEACOPP intensificado; o los que presentan enfermedad extraganglionar).[128]Moskowitz CH, Nademanee A, Masszi T, et al. Brentuximab vedotin as consolidation therapy after autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma at risk of relapse or progression (AETHERA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1853-1862.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25796459?tool=bestpractice.com
[129]Kanate AS, Kumar A, Dreger P, et al. Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: a consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR, and the lymphoma working party of EBMT. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):715-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30816957?tool=bestpractice.com
[130]Moskowitz CH, Walewski J, Nademanee A, et al. Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse. Blood. 2018 Dec 20;132(25):2639-42.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-07-861641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30266774?tool=bestpractice.com
Se recomienda brentuximab vedotina de mantenimiento durante 16 ciclos (según el ensayo AETHERA) o hasta toxicidad inaceptable o recidiva (lo que ocurra primero).[129]Kanate AS, Kumar A, Dreger P, et al. Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: a consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR, and the lymphoma working party of EBMT. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):715-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30816957?tool=bestpractice.com
No se recomienda en pacientes con evidencia previa de enfermedad refractaria a brentuximab vedotin.[129]Kanate AS, Kumar A, Dreger P, et al. Maintenance therapies for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas after autologous transplantation: a consensus project of ASBMT, CIBMTR, and the lymphoma working party of EBMT. JAMA Oncol. 2019 May 1;5(5):715-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30816957?tool=bestpractice.com
Sin embargo, puede considerarse su uso para pacientes tratados previamente con brentuximab vedotin si se alcanzó una remisión duradera (al menos 12 meses) antes de la recidiva.
LH nodular con predominio linfocítico (NLPHL) temprano (etapa I a etapa II)
El NLPHL es un subtipo poco frecuente de LH. La mayoría de los pacientes con NLPHL presentan una enfermedad en etapa temprana que afecta a regiones ganglionares periféricas (p. ej., ingle, axila, cuello). El objetivo del tratamiento es la curación minimizando el riesgo de efectos tardíos. El pronóstico global de los pacientes con NLPHL en etapa temprana es excelente.
NLPHL asintomático temprano (etapa IA e IIA) no voluminoso
La radioterapia en solitario a una dosis de 30 a 36 Gy se recomienda para la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad no voluminosa en etapas IA e IIA.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[70]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
[131]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
La radioterapia in situ (ISRT) es el enfoque preferido (aunque la mayoría de los datos disponibles corresponden a la radioterapia dirigida al campo afectado IFRT).[70]Specht L, Yahalom J, Illidge T, et al. Modern radiation therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma: field and dose guidelines from the international lymphoma radiation oncology group (ILROG). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014 Jul 15;89(4):854-62.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790512?tool=bestpractice.com
Estudios retrospectivos han informado excelentes resultados de remisión y supervivencia con radioterapia en solitario para el NLPHL en etapa temprana.[132]Nogova L, Reineke T, Eich HT, et al. Extended field radiotherapy, combined modality treatment or involved field radiotherapy for patients with stage IA lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma: a retrospective analysis from the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG). Ann Oncol. 2005 Oct;16(10):1683-7.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)45436-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093276?tool=bestpractice.com
[133]Eichenauer DA, Plütschow A, Fuchs M, et al. Long-term course of patients with stage IA nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a report from the German Hodgkin study group. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2857-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4363
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26240235?tool=bestpractice.com
[134]Pinnix CC, Milgrom SA, Cheah CY, et al. Favorable outcomes with de-escalated radiation therapy for limited-stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood Adv. 2019 May 14;3(9):1356-67.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018029140
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31036721?tool=bestpractice.com
[135]Binkley MS, Rauf MS, Milgrom SA, et al. Stage I-II nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a multi-institutional study of adult patients by ILROG. Blood. 2020 Jun 25;135(26):2365-74.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019003877
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211877?tool=bestpractice.com
Se carece de ensayos aleatorizados de tratamientos para el NLPHL debido a la infrecuencia de presentación de este subtipo de enfermedad.
La observación puede ser adecuada en pacientes con enfermedad asintomática no voluminosa en las etapas iniciales, especialmente si existe preocupación por la toxicidad relacionada con la radioterapia.[136]Borchmann S, Joffe E, Moskowitz CH, et al. Active surveillance for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2019 May 16;133(20):2121-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-10-877761
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30770396?tool=bestpractice.com
La observación también es una opción para pacientes seleccionados con enfermedad no voluminosa en etapa IA que presentan un ganglio linfático solitario completamente extirpado.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
NLPHL voluminoso asintomático temprano (etapas IA e IIA) y NLPHL sintomático temprano (etapas IB e IIB)
Tratamiento sistémico con rituximab más quimioterapia combinada (p. ej, R-ABVD [rituximab, doxorrubicina, bleomicina, vinblastina y dacarbazina], R-CHOP [rituximab, ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, vincristina y prednisolona], o R-CVbP [rituximab, ciclofosfamida, vinblastina y prednisolona]) seguida de radioterapia (30 a 36 Gy) se recomienda para los pacientes con enfermedad voluminosa en etapa IA o IIA, y personas con enfermedad en etapa IB o IIB.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[131]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
[137]Savage KJ, Skinnider B, Al-Mansour M, et al. Treating limited-stage nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma similarly to classical Hodgkin lymphoma with ABVD may improve outcome. Blood. 2011 Oct 27;118(17):4585-90.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-07-365932
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873543?tool=bestpractice.com
El antígeno CD20 está presente en la mayoría de las células del NLPHL; por lo tanto, el tratamiento anti-CD20 con rituximab es un componente fundamental del tratamiento sistémico del NLPHL.
La observación puede ser adecuada para pacientes con enfermedad voluminosa asintomática en etapas iniciales, especialmente si existe preocupación por la toxicidad relacionada con el tratamiento sistémico y la radioterapia.[136]Borchmann S, Joffe E, Moskowitz CH, et al. Active surveillance for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2019 May 16;133(20):2121-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-10-877761
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30770396?tool=bestpractice.com
NLPHL avanzado (etapa III a etapa IV)
La observación puede ser adecuada para pacientes con enfermedad asintomática en etapa avanzada.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[131]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
Se recomienda el tratamiento sistémico con rituximab más quimioterapia combinada (p. ej., R-ABVD, R-CHOP o R-CVbP) con o sin radioterapia para pacientes con enfermedad sintomática en etapa avanzada o avance rápido.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[138]Eichenauer DA, Engert A. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a unique disease deserving unique management. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2017 Dec 8;2017(1):324-8.
http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2017/1/324.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29222274?tool=bestpractice.com
[139]Fanale MA, Cheah CY, Rich A, et al. Encouraging activity for R-CHOP in advanced stage nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2017 May 18;130(4):472-7.
http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/130/4/472.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28522441?tool=bestpractice.com
NLPHL refractario o recidivante
El NLPHL refractaria o recidivante debe confirmarse mediante biopsia para descartar la transformación a linfoma no Hodgkin agresivo.
El tratamiento del NLPHL refractario o recidivante debe individualizarse, teniendo en cuenta factores como el tratamiento previo de primera línea (p. ej., R-ABVD con radioterapia), la edad del paciente, las comorbilidades médicas, la duración de la primera remisión y la etapa en el momento de la recidiva.[131]Spinner MA, Varma G, Advani RH. Modern principles in the management of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2019 Jan;184(1):17-29.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485408?tool=bestpractice.com
La terapia de rescate con un régimen de quimioterapia basado en rituximab o rituximab en solitario es el enfoque de elección para la mayoría de los pacientes con NLPHL refractario o recidivante. Puede considerarse la posibilidad de observación en pacientes asintomáticos como enfoque inicial.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Puede considerarse la posibilidad de realizar un ATCM en pacientes con enfermedad agresiva.
El régimen óptimo para la quimioterapia de rescate no está claro, pero se pueden considerar los siguientes regímenes basados en rituximab si no se han utilizado previamente:[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
R-ABVD
R-CHOP
R-CVbP
R-DHAP (rituximab, dexametasona, citarabina y cisplatino)
R-ICE (rituximab, ifosfamida, carboplatino y etopósido)
R-IGEV (rituximab, ifosfamida, gemcitabina y vinorelbina)
Rituximab más bendamustina.
El uso de rituximab en solitario puede considerarse para pacientes que presentan recidiva con enfermedad en etapa limitada y bajo volumen tumoral.[33]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Hodgkin lymphoma [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
[140]Schulz H, Rehwald U, Morschhauser F, et al. Rituximab in relapsed lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term results of a phase 2 trial by the German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (GHSG). Blood. 2008 Jan 1;111(1):109-11.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-03-078725
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17938252?tool=bestpractice.com