A vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) pode prevenir infecções por HPV e doenças associadas a esse vírus.[53]Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, et al. A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 19;372(8):711-23.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1405044#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693011?tool=bestpractice.com
[54]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Supplemental information and guidance for vaccination providers regarding use of 9-valent HPV vaccine. Nov 2016 [internet publication].
http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/downloads/9vHPV-guidance.pdf
[55]Munoz N, Manalastas R Jr, Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24-45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1949-57.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19493565?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 21;347(21):1645-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12444178?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Nov 13-19;364(9447):1757-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541448?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Arbyn M, Xu L, Simoens C, et al. Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 9;(5):CD009069.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009069.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29740819?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):575-90.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30068-4/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007141?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]Marth C, Landoni F, Mahner S, et al. Cervical cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl 4):iv72-83.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)42148-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28881916?tool=bestpractice.com
[
]
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in 15‐ to 26‐year‐old women?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.4171/fullMostre-me a resposta Estudos realizados em países com programas de vacinação contra o HPV estabelecidos relatam uma incidência substancialmente menor de câncer cervical.[16]Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM, et al. HPV vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 1;383(14):1340-48.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1917338?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32997908?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Kjaer SK, Dehlendorff C, Belmonte F, et al. Real-world effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination against cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021 Oct 1;113(10):1329-35.
https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/113/10/1329/6227603
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33876216?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Guo F, Cofie LE, Berenson AB. Cervical cancer incidence in young U.S. females after human papillomavirus vaccine introduction. Am J Prev Med. 2018 Aug;55(2):197-204.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054889
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29859731?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Falcaro M, Castañon A, Ndlela B, et al. The effects of the national HPV vaccination programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study. Lancet. 2021 Dec 4;398(10316):2084-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34741816?tool=bestpractice.com
Os estudos ressaltam a importância da vacinação precoce para reduzir o risco. A vacinação de meninos no mesmo cronograma pode contribuir para a proteção indireta de mulheres não vacinadas e aumentar a imunidade da população em geral.[21]Rahangdale L, Mungo C, O'Connor S, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical cancer risk. BMJ. 2022 Dec 15;379:e070115.
https://www.bmj.com/content/379/bmj-2022-070115.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36521855?tool=bestpractice.com
A maioria dos cânceres associados ao HPV é causada pelos tipos 16 ou 18 do vírus (aproximadamente 70%), ambos visados pelas vacinas contra HPV.[26]Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, et al. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):518-27.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa021641#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571259?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Braaten KP, Laufer MR. Human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-related disease, and the HPV vaccine. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Winter;1(1):2-10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492590
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18701931?tool=bestpractice.com
As vacinas contra o HPV são caracterizadas pela valência:[62]Restrepo J, Herrera T, Samakoses R, et al. Ten-year follow-up of 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine: immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety. Pediatrics. 2023 Oct 1;152(4):e2022060993.
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/152/4/e2022060993/193886/Ten-Year-Follow-up-of-9-Valent-Human
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37667847?tool=bestpractice.com
Bivalente (protege contra HPV tipos 16 e 18)
Quadrivalente (protege contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16 e 18)
9-valente (protege contra HPV tipos 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 e 58).
As vacinas contra o HPV são licenciadas para uso em cronogramas de duas ou três doses; no entanto, evidências de estudos de longa duração sugerem que uma única dose oferece proteção comparável a duas doses.[63]Kreimer AR, Sampson JN, Porras C, et al. Evaluation of durability of a single dose of the bivalent HPV vaccine: the CVT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020 Oct 1;112(10):1038-46.
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/152/4/e2022060993/193886/Ten-Year-Follow-up-of-9-Valent-Human
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32091594?tool=bestpractice.com
[64]Basu P, Malvi SG, Joshi S, et al. Vaccine efficacy against persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18 infection at 10 years after one, two, and three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine in girls in India: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1518-29.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(21)00453-8/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34634254?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Barnabas RV, Brown ER, Onono MA, et al. Efficacy of single-dose HPV vaccination among young African women. NEJM Evid. 2022 Jun;1(5):EVIDoa2100056.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9172784
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35693874?tool=bestpractice.com
A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda um cronograma de uma a duas doses para meninas de 9 a 20 anos, e um cronograma de duas doses para as mulheres com mais de 21 anos.[66]World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, December 2022 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9750-645-672
Cronograma de vacinação no Reino Unido
No Reino Unido, a vacinação contra o HPV é recomendada para todos os adolescentes (meninos e meninas) de 12 a 13 anos de idade.[67]UK Health Security Agency. Human papillomavirus (HPV): the green book, chapter 18a. Jun 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/human-papillomavirus-hpv-the-green-book-chapter-18a
Recomenda-se uma dose única da vacina nonavalente.[68]UK Health Security Agency. HPV vaccination guidance for healthcare practitioners (version 6). Jun 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hpv-universal-vaccination-guidance-for-health-professionals/hpv-vaccination-guidance-for-healthcare-practitioners
UKHSA: routine childhood immunisations
Opens in new window
As pessoas elegíveis para o programa nacional do Reino Unido podem ser vacinadas até os 25 anos de idade, inclusive quem entrar no Reino Unido vindo do exterior e não tiver sido vacinado.
Deve-se oferecer um cronograma de 3 doses, com doses nos meses 0, 1 e 4 a 6, para as pessoas com HIV e indivíduos sabidamente imunocomprometidos no momento da imunização.[68]UK Health Security Agency. HPV vaccination guidance for healthcare practitioners (version 6). Jun 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hpv-universal-vaccination-guidance-for-health-professionals/hpv-vaccination-guidance-for-healthcare-practitioners
Cronograma de vacinação nos EUA
Nos EUA, a vacinação contra o HPV com a vacina 9-valente é recomendada de maneira rotineira na idade de 11-12 anos (mas pode começar aos 9 anos).[69]Saslow D, Andrews KS, Manassaram-Baptiste D, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination 2020 guideline update: American Cancer Society guideline adaptation. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jul;70(4):274-80.
https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32639044?tool=bestpractice.com
[70]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
O cronograma recomendado é:[70]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
Duas injeções intramusculares aos 0 e 6-12 meses, quando a vacinação for iniciada antes dos 15 anos de idade, ou
Três injeções intramusculares aos 0, 1-2 e 6 meses, quando a vacinação for iniciada aos 15 anos de idade ou depois.
As pessoas com HIV ou outras condições de imunocomprometimento devem receber três doses de vacina contra o HPV, mesmo que a vacinação seja iniciada entre 9 e 14 anos de idade, pois a resposta delas à vacinação pode ser atenuada.[71]National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. 2024 [internet publication].
https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/sites/default/files/guidelines/documents/adult-adolescent-oi/guidelines-adult-adolescent-oi.pdf
Crianças com história de abuso sexual ou agressão devem receber a vacina contra HPV o mais rápido possível (a partir dos 9 anos de idade).[72]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Immunization, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Preparedness Expert Work Group. Human papillomavirus vaccination: ACOG committee opinion, number 809. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;136(2):e15-21.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2020/08000/human_papillomavirus_vaccination__acog_committee.48.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732766?tool=bestpractice.com
A vacinação de reforço é recomendada para as pessoas com até 26 anos de idade (e pode ser considerada com uma tomada de decisão compartilhada para pessoas com 27 anos ou mais) que não tiverem sido adequadamente vacinadas quando mais jovens.[70]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
A vacinação contra o HPV não é recomendada durante a gravidez (embora nenhuma intervenção seja necessária se a vacinação for administrada inadvertidamente durante a gestação).[69]Saslow D, Andrews KS, Manassaram-Baptiste D, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination 2020 guideline update: American Cancer Society guideline adaptation. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Jul;70(4):274-80.
https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21616
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32639044?tool=bestpractice.com
[72]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Immunization, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Preparedness Expert Work Group. Human papillomavirus vaccination: ACOG committee opinion, number 809. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;136(2):e15-21.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2020/08000/human_papillomavirus_vaccination__acog_committee.48.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732766?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/adult-age.html
O American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recomenda a vacinação contra o HPV nas lactantes com 26 anos ou menos que não tiverem sido vacinadas anteriormente.[72]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Immunization, Infectious Disease, and Public Health Preparedness Expert Work Group. Human papillomavirus vaccination: ACOG committee opinion, number 809. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;136(2):e15-21.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/2020/08000/human_papillomavirus_vaccination__acog_committee.48.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732766?tool=bestpractice.com
Detalhes adicionais sobre os calendários de vacinação atuais dos EUA, incluindo vacinações de reforço e de populações especiais de pacientes, podem ser encontrados nos calendários de vacinação mais recentes do ACIP para crianças e adultos.[70]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/child-adolescent-age.html
[73]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age. Nov 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/imz-schedules/adult-age.html
Contracepção de barreira e dispositivos intrauterinos
O HPV é disseminado pelo contato sexual pele a pele; portanto, a prática sexual segura e a contracepção eficaz podem auxiliar na prevenção primária.[74]Parazzini F, Negri E, La Vecchia C, et al. Barrier methods of contraception and the risk of cervical neoplasia. Contraception. 1989 Nov;40(5):519-30.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2692961?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, a questão é complexa.[75]Erbelding EJ, Zenilman JM. Toward better control of sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):720-1.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716568?tool=bestpractice.com
[76]Bulkmans NW, Berkhof J, Rozendaal L, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled implementation trial. Lancet. 2007 Nov 24;370(9601):1764-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919718?tool=bestpractice.com
O uso de um dispositivo intrauterino pode reduzir o risco de câncer cervical.[77]Cortessis VK, Barrett M, Brown Wade N, et al. Intrauterine device use and cervical cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Dec;130(6):1226-36.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29112647?tool=bestpractice.com
[78]Spotnitz ME, Natarajan K, Ryan PB, et al. Relative risk of cervical neoplasms among copper and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system users. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Feb;135(2):319-27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012337
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31923062?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]Minalt N, Caldwell A, Yedlicka GM, et al. Association between intrauterine device use and endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancer: an expert review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Aug;229(2):93-100.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37001577?tool=bestpractice.com