Estima-se que 3.5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo tenham ingestão inadequada de zinco.[16]Passarelli S, Free CM, Shepon A, et al. Global estimation of dietary micronutrient inadequacies: a modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Oct;12(10):e1590-9.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11426101
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39218000?tool=bestpractice.com
A deficiência de zinco nutricional é altamente predominante em regiões em desenvolvimento devido a uma combinação de ingestão inadequada de zinco e alto consumo de substâncias que limitam a absorção de zinco, como fitatos, oxalatos e, em alguns casos, argila. O consumo de argila ou "pica" é comum entre as crianças de algumas comunidades. A argila liga-se com eficiência ao zinco, causando uma redução drástica da biodisponibilidade. Crianças e idosos parecem apresentar o maior risco.[17]Oldewage-Theron WH, Samuel FO, Venter CS. Zinc deficiency among the elderly attending a care centre in Sharpeville, South Africa. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008 Dec;21(6):566-74.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017101?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Fischer Walker C, Black RE. Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:255-75.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189121?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Schneider JM, Fujii ML, Lamp CL, et al. The prevalence of low serum zinc and copper levels and dietary habits associated with serum zinc and copper in 12- to 36-month-old children from low-income families at risk for iron deficiency. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Nov;107(11):1924-9.
http://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(07)01621-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17964312?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência da deficiência de zinco nos EUA e em outros países desenvolvidos é menos clara. Devido ao alto consumo de carnes e à fortificação de cereais, geralmente, a deficiência de zinco é considerada incomum em adolescentes e adultos saudáveis. Entretanto, altas taxas de deficiência de zinco foram documentadas em muitas subpopulações nos EUA, incluindo: bebês com dietas pobres em nutrientes; pessoas com doença gastrointestinal crônica, doença hepática, doença falciforme, doença renal, transtornos decorrentes do uso de bebidas alcoólicas, infecção por HIV, anorexia nervosa e idosos.[1]Krebs NF, Miller LV, Hambidge KM. Zinc deficiency in infants and children: a review of its complex and synergistic interactions. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2014 Nov;34(4):279-88.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25203844?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Zupo R, Sila A, Castellana F, et al. Prevalence of zinc deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 29;14(19):4052.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9572015
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36235709?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Jivraj A, Hutchinson JM, Ching E, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies are frequent in adult patients with and without celiac disease on a gluten-free diet, regardless of duration and adherence to the diet. Nutrition. 2022 Nov-Dec;103-104:111809.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36096056?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Katayama K, Kawaguchi T, Shiraishi K, et al. The prevalence and implication of zinc deficiency in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Med Res. 2018 May;10(5):437-4.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5862092
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29581807?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al. Magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, and chromium levels in alcohol use disorder: a review. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 18;9(6):1901.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7357092
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32570709?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;75(2):181-2.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/75/2/181.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815307?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Perrone L, Gialanella G, Giordano V, et al. Impaired zinc metabolic status in children affected by idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Mar;149(6):438-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2332016?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Koch J, Neal EA, Schlott MJ, et al. Zinc levels and infections in hospitalized patients with AIDS. Nutrition. 1996 Jul-Aug;12(7-8):515-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8878145?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Meunier N, O'Connor JM, Maiani G, et al. Importance of zinc in the elderly: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S1-4.
https://www.nature.com/articles/1602286
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254574?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Tumer N, Baskan S, Arcasoy A, et al. Hypozincemia in nephrotic syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1991 Mar;35(3):135-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2032400?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Stec J, Podracka L, Pavkovcekova O, et al. Zinc and copper metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. Nephron. 1990;56(2):186-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2243574?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Lindberg L, Ostberg M, Isacson IM, et al. Feeding disorders related to nutrition. Acta Paediatr. 2006 Apr;95(4):425-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720489?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Castro J, Deulofeu R, Gila A, et al. Persistence of nutritional deficiencies after short-term weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2004 Mar;35(2):169-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14994354?tool=bestpractice.com
A acrodermatite enteropática é rara, afetando menos que 1 em 500,000 pessoas ao redor do mundo.[20]Ackland ML, Michalczyk A. Zinc deficiency and its inherited disorders - a review. Genes Nutr. 2006 Mar;1(1):41-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18850219?tool=bestpractice.com