Hematoma subdural (HSD) agudo
O HSD agudo está associado a taxas de mortalidade tão altas quanto 50% a 90% em pacientes que apresentam escores na Escala de Coma de Glasgow de 8 ou menos.[3]Huang KT, Bi WL, Abd-El-Barr M, et al. The neurocritical and neurosurgical care of subdural hematomas. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Apr;24(2):294-307.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399248?tool=bestpractice.com
[127]Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al. Traumatic acute subdural hematoma: major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within four hours. N Engl J Med. 1981 Jun 18;304(25):1511-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7231489?tool=bestpractice.com
[128]Kotwica Z, Brzeziński J. Acute subdural haematoma in adults: an analysis of outcome in comatose patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1993;121(3-4):95-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8512021?tool=bestpractice.com
[129]Wilberger JE Jr, Harris M, Diamond DL. Acute subdural hematoma: morbidity, mortality, and operative timing. J Neurosurg. 1991 Feb;74(2):212-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1988590?tool=bestpractice.com
[130]Massaro F, Lanotte M, Faccani G, et al. One hundred and twenty-seven cases of acute subdural haematoma operated on. Correlation between CT scan findings and outcome. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996;138(2):185-91.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8686543?tool=bestpractice.com
[131]Koc RK, Akdemir H, Oktem IS, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: outcome and outcome prediction. Neurosurg Rev. 1997;20(4):239-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9457718?tool=bestpractice.com
[132]Servadei F. Prognostic factors in severely head injured adult patients with acute subdural haematoma's. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997;139(4):279-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9202766?tool=bestpractice.com
Entre todos os pacientes com HSD agudo, menos de 25% alcançam uma recuperação completa sem qualquer deficit neurológico importante.[3]Huang KT, Bi WL, Abd-El-Barr M, et al. The neurocritical and neurosurgical care of subdural hematomas. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Apr;24(2):294-307.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399248?tool=bestpractice.com
[127]Seelig JM, Becker DP, Miller JD, et al. Traumatic acute subdural hematoma: major mortality reduction in comatose patients treated within four hours. N Engl J Med. 1981 Jun 18;304(25):1511-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7231489?tool=bestpractice.com
[132]Servadei F. Prognostic factors in severely head injured adult patients with acute subdural haematoma's. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1997;139(4):279-85.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9202766?tool=bestpractice.com
[133]Dent DL, Croce MA, Menke PG, et al. Prognostic factors after acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1995 Jul;39(1):36-42;discussion 42-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7636908?tool=bestpractice.com
[134]Phuenpathom N, Choomuang M, Ratanalert S. Outcome and outcome prediction in acute subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1993 Jul;40(1):22-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8322172?tool=bestpractice.com
[135]Haselsberger K, Pucher R, Auer LM. Prognosis after acute subdural or epidural haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1988;90(3-4):111-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3354356?tool=bestpractice.com
Desfechos funcionais insatisfatórias estão associadas a:
idade avançada;[3]Huang KT, Bi WL, Abd-El-Barr M, et al. The neurocritical and neurosurgical care of subdural hematomas. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Apr;24(2):294-307.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26399248?tool=bestpractice.com
[131]Koc RK, Akdemir H, Oktem IS, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: outcome and outcome prediction. Neurosurg Rev. 1997;20(4):239-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9457718?tool=bestpractice.com
maior gravidade da lesão[136]Yanaka K, Kamezaki T, Yamada T, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: prediction of outcome with a linear discriminant function. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;33(8):552-8.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc1959/33/8/33_8_552/_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7692328?tool=bestpractice.com
menor escore na escala de coma de Glasgow;[134]Phuenpathom N, Choomuang M, Ratanalert S. Outcome and outcome prediction in acute subdural hematoma. Surg Neurol. 1993 Jul;40(1):22-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8322172?tool=bestpractice.com
[137]Servadei F, Nasi MT, Cremonini AM, et al. Importance of a reliable admission Glasgow Coma Scale score for determining the need for evacuation of posttraumatic subdural hematomas: a prospective study of 65 patients. J Trauma. 1998 May;44(5):868-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603091?tool=bestpractice.com
[138]Ono J, Yamaura A, Kubota M, et al. Outcome prediction in severe head injury: analyses of clinical prognostic factors. J Clin Neurosci. 2001 Mar;8(2):120-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11484659?tool=bestpractice.com
achados em exames de imagem de desvio na linha média, lesões parenquimatosas múltiplas e obliteração das cisternas basilar, superior ou quadrigeminal[136]Yanaka K, Kamezaki T, Yamada T, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: prediction of outcome with a linear discriminant function. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;33(8):552-8.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc1959/33/8/33_8_552/_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7692328?tool=bestpractice.com
[139]Zumkeller M, Behrmann R, Heissler HE, et al. Computed tomographic criteria and survival rate for patients with acute subdural hematoma. Neurosurgery. 1996 Oct;39(4):708-12;discussion 712-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880762?tool=bestpractice.com
necessidade de cirurgia precoce;[133]Dent DL, Croce MA, Menke PG, et al. Prognostic factors after acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1995 Jul;39(1):36-42;discussion 42-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7636908?tool=bestpractice.com
e
pressão intracraniana elevada.[133]Dent DL, Croce MA, Menke PG, et al. Prognostic factors after acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1995 Jul;39(1):36-42;discussion 42-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7636908?tool=bestpractice.com
[136]Yanaka K, Kamezaki T, Yamada T, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: prediction of outcome with a linear discriminant function. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;33(8):552-8.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc1959/33/8/33_8_552/_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7692328?tool=bestpractice.com
Relatou-se que a gravidade da lesão e a resposta pupilar são os melhores fatores diferenciadores para prever o desfecho.[131]Koc RK, Akdemir H, Oktem IS, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: outcome and outcome prediction. Neurosurg Rev. 1997;20(4):239-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9457718?tool=bestpractice.com
[136]Yanaka K, Kamezaki T, Yamada T, et al. Acute subdural hematoma: prediction of outcome with a linear discriminant function. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993 Aug;33(8):552-8.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/nmc1959/33/8/33_8_552/_article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7692328?tool=bestpractice.com
Um estudo mostrou que pacientes com HSD não traumático têm taxas cumulativas significativamente mais altas de readmissão hospitalar, evacuação cirúrgica de hematoma e morte intra-hospitalar em 90 dias em comparação com pacientes com HSD traumático.[140]Morris NA, Merkler AE, Parker WE, et al. Adverse outcomes after initial non-surgical management of subdural hematoma: a population-based study. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Apr;24(2):226-32.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26160466?tool=bestpractice.com
Esses desfechos podem ser influenciados por um risco aumentado de curto prazo de um AVC isquêmico agudo nas primeiras 4 semanas após HSD em comparação com pacientes sem HSD. Esse aumento do risco pode ser causado pela interrupção da terapia antitrombótica após o diagnóstico de HSD.[141]Murthy SB, Wu X, Diaz I, et al. Non-traumatic subdural hemorrhage and risk of arterial ischemic events. Stroke. 2020 May;51(5):1464-9.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028510?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32178587?tool=bestpractice.com
HSD crônico
Embora o HSD crônico muitas vezes não seja agudamente fatal, ele está associado a morbidade e incapacidade significativas.[36]Rudy RF, Catapano JS, Jadhav AP, et al. Middle meningeal artery embolization to treat chronic subdural hematoma. Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2023;3:e000490.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/SVIN.122.000490#:~:text=Embolization%20has%20the%20advantages%20of,population%20associated%20with%20significant%20comorbidities.
Um diagnóstico de HSD crônico é um preditor significativo de mortalidade, com uma sobrevida global de aproximadamente 4 anos a partir do diagnóstico.[36]Rudy RF, Catapano JS, Jadhav AP, et al. Middle meningeal artery embolization to treat chronic subdural hematoma. Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2023;3:e000490.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/SVIN.122.000490#:~:text=Embolization%20has%20the%20advantages%20of,population%20associated%20with%20significant%20comorbidities.
[142]Dumont TM, Rughani AI, Goeckes T, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma: a sentinel health event. World Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;80(6):889-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722034?tool=bestpractice.com
A taxa de recorrência do HSD crônico necessitando de nova intervenção varia de 9% a 33%.[26]Nouri A, Gondar R, Schaller K, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH): a review of the current state of the art. Brain Spine. 2021 Nov 2;1:100300.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772529421003003?via%3Dihub
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36247395?tool=bestpractice.com
[143]Miranda LB, Braxton E, Hobbs J, et al. Chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: not a benign disease. J Neurosurg. 2011 Jan;114(1):72-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20868215?tool=bestpractice.com
Os fatores prognósticos incluem o escore na escala de coma de Glasgow na internação, as características radiográficas (por exemplo, desvio na linha média e neomembranas) e o tipo de intervenção cirúrgica que o paciente recebeu.[144]Baucher G, Troude L, Pauly V, et al. Predictive factors of poor prognosis after surgical management of traumatic acute subdural hematomas: a single-center series. World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun;126:e944-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30876998?tool=bestpractice.com
Mais da metade dos pacientes com HSD crônico apresentam um estado cognitivo significativamente pior 3 meses após o tratamento (cirurgia +/- dexametasona) em comparação com controles saudáveis.[145]Blaauw J, Hertog HMD, Holl DC, et al. The cognitive status of chronic subdural hematoma patients after treatment: an exploratory study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023 Mar;165(3):701-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10006248
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36752891?tool=bestpractice.com