População assintomática
As evidências atuais não respaldam o rastreamento de rotina para câncer de ovário na população em geral.[108]Burke W, Barkley J, Barrows E, et al. Executive summary of the ovarian cancer evidence review conference. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Jul 1;142(1):179-95.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10278568
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37348094?tool=bestpractice.com
[109]Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Hallett R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet Oncol. 2009 Apr;10(4):327-40.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(09)70026-9/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19282241?tool=bestpractice.com
[110]Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A, et al; PLCO Project Team. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2011 Jun 8;305(22):2295-303.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/900666
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642681?tool=bestpractice.com
[111]Pinsky PF, Yu K, Kramer BS, et al. Extended mortality results for ovarian cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median 15 years follow-up. Gynecol Oncol. 2016 Nov;143(2):270-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27615399?tool=bestpractice.com
[112]Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, Burnell M, et al. Ovarian cancer population screening and mortality after long-term follow-up in the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jun 5;397(10290):2182-93.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00731-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33991479?tool=bestpractice.com
[113]Skates SJ. Ovarian cancer screening: development of the risk of ovarian cancer algorithm (ROCA) and ROCA screening trials. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2012 May;22(Suppl 1):S24-6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572791
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543916?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Lu KH, Skates S, Hernandez MA, et al. A 2-stage ovarian cancer screening strategy using the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA) identifies early-stage incident cancers and demonstrates high positive predictive value. Cancer. 2013 Oct 1;119(19):3454-61.
https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28183
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23983047?tool=bestpractice.com
[115]Naumann RW, Brown J. Ovarian cancer screening with the Risk of Ovarian Cancer Algorithm (ROCA): good, bad, or just expensive? Gynecol Oncol. 2018 Apr;149(1):117-20.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29398069?tool=bestpractice.com
A US Preventive Services Task Force e o American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists não recomendam o rastreamento de mulheres assintomáticas com risco médio de câncer de ovário.[116]Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for ovarian cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):588-94.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2672638
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29450531?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Choosing wisely: don’t screen for ovarian cancer in asymptomatic women at average risk. Mar 2016 [internet publication].
https://www.acog.org/practice-management/patient-safety-and-quality/partnerships/choosing-wisely
Rastreamento de mulheres de alto risco
A eficácia do rastreamento de rotina para mulheres de alto risco não foi demonstrada; a doença em estágio inicial é difícil de detectar e pode passar despercebida no exame pélvico, no teste CA-125 e na ultrassonografia transvaginal.[66]Cannistra S. Medical progress: cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2519-29.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590954?tool=bestpractice.com
É necessária uma discussão cautelosa entre a paciente e o médico para entender as limitações significativas dessas abordagens, mesmo em populações de alto risco.[66]Cannistra S. Medical progress: cancer of the ovary. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2519-29.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590954?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma história pessoal ou familiar cuidadosa pode identificar pacientes com aumento do risco de câncer de ovário, aos quais deve ser oferecida avaliação de risco genético (incluindo aconselhamento e testes genéticos).[16]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[77]Arts-de Jong M, de Bock GH, van Asperen CJ, et al. Germline BRCA1/2 mutation testing is indicated in every patient with epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Jul;61:137-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27209246?tool=bestpractice.com
[78]Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, et al; US Preventive Services Task Force. Risk assessment, genetic counseling, and genetic testing for BRCA-related cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2019 Aug 20;322(7):652-65.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2748515
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31429903?tool=bestpractice.com
[79]Konstantinopoulos PA, Norquist B, Lacchetti C, et al. Germline and somatic tumor testing in epithelial ovarian cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr 10;38(11):1222-45.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.19.02960
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986064?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 727: cascade testing: testing women for known hereditary genetic mutations associated with cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e31-4.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2018/01000/ACOG_Committee_Opinion_No__727__Cascade_Testing_.40.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29266077?tool=bestpractice.com
Os critérios para avaliação de risco genético podem incluir:[16]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
Familiar consanguínea com uma variante patogênica ou provavelmente patogênica em um gene de suscetibilidade a câncer de ovário
História pessoal ou forte história familiar de câncer de mama e/ou ovário (testes para BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BRIP1, PALB2, RAD51C, RAD51D e mutações associadas à síndrome de Lynch [MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM])
História pessoal de câncer relacionado à síndrome de Lynch ou história familiar forte que sugere síndrome de Lynch (por exemplo, um parente de primeiro grau com câncer colorretal e/ou câncer de endométrio com diagnóstico em idade <50 anos, ou com câncer sincrônico ou metacrônico relacionado à síndrome de Lynch, ou com parentes adicionais de primeiro ou segundo grau com cânceres relacionados).
Podem ser realizados testes de linha germinativa para uma variante patogênica específica, se conhecida; o teste do perfil multigênico de linha germinativa personalizado é recomendado se a variante for desconhecida, com base na história pessoal e familiar.[16]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ovarian cancer: identifying and managing familial and genetic risk. Mar 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng241
[76]Tung N, Ricker C, Messersmith H, et al. Selection of germline genetic testing panels in patients with cancer: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jul 20;42(21):2599-615.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.24.00662
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38759122?tool=bestpractice.com
Se o teste de linha germinativa for positivo, o teste em cascata (aconselhamento e teste de familiares consanguíneos de indivíduos identificados com uma mutação genética específica) deve ocorrer em tempo hábil.[80]Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion no. 727: cascade testing: testing women for known hereditary genetic mutations associated with cancer. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e31-4.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2018/01000/ACOG_Committee_Opinion_No__727__Cascade_Testing_.40.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29266077?tool=bestpractice.com
A salpingo-ooforectomia redutora de risco (RRSO; com ou sem histerectomia concomitante) é recomendada após o fim da idade fértil nas pacientes de alto risco.[16]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
Consulte Prevenção primária.
Mulheres de alto risco que recusam ou não podem ser submetidas à RRSO
O rastreamento de rotina (vigilância) com ultrassonografia transvaginal e CA-125 às vezes é considerado para essas mulheres de alto risco.[18]Sessa C, Balmaña J, Bober SL, et al. Risk reduction and screening of cancer in hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndromes: ESMO clinical practice guideline. Ann Oncol. 2023 Jan;34(1):33-47.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(22)04193-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36307055?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Paluch-Shimon S, Cardoso F, Sessa C, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Prevention and screening in BRCA mutation carriers and other breast/ovarian hereditary cancer syndromes: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for cancer prevention and screening. Ann Oncol. 2016 Sep;27(suppl 5):v103-10.
https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)31645-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27664246?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: ovarian cancer screening. 2024 [internet publication].
https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69463/Narrative
No entanto, os estudos não mostram um benefício claro e isso não é recomendado de maneira rotineira.[16]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: colorectal, endometrial, and gastric [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
[17]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_2
O algoritmo de risco de câncer de ovário (ROCA) pode ser potencialmente útil como ferramenta de vigilância em mulheres de alto risco (por exemplo, com variantes de linha germinativa patogênicas de BRCA1/2) que adiam ou recusam a cirurgia redutora de risco.[67]Philpott S, Raikou M, Manchanda R, et al. The avoiding late diagnosis of ovarian cancer (ALDO) project; a pilot national surveillance programme for women with pathogenic germline variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Med Genet. 2023 May;60(5):440-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10176325
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36319079?tool=bestpractice.com
No Reino Unido, as diretrizes do National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recomendam considerar a vigilância com teste de CA125 longitudinal (a cada 4 meses) usando um algoritmo (como o ROCA) para pacientes nos seguintes grupos de alto risco que postergam ou recusam a cirurgia redutora de risco:[64]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ovarian cancer: identifying and managing familial and genetic risk. Mar 2024 [internet publication].
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng241
Variante patogênica de BRCA1 e idade acima de 35 anos
Variante patogênica de BRCA2 e idade acima de 40 anos
Variante patogênica de RAD51C, RAD51D, BRIP1 ou PALB2 e idade acima de 45 anos.
Além disso, uma revisão anual com discussão da cirurgia redutora de risco é recomendada para esses pacientes.
A vigilância de mulheres com alto risco de câncer de ovário representa uma medida temporária e não deve ser considerada como uma alternativa à cirurgia redutora de risco.[68]Manning-Geist BL, Flint M, Roche KL. Prevention over screening for ovarian cancer in patients with high-risk germline mutations: misinterpreting the findings of ALDO. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2023 Apr;46:101157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10020112
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36938343?tool=bestpractice.com