A sobrevida após o tratamento definitivo de carcinoma orofaríngeo depende principalmente do estádio da doença e da capacidade de suportar o tratamento padrão. Pacientes positivos para papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco podem ter uma sobrevida melhor.[7]Fakhry C, Westra W, Li S, et al. Improved survival of patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a prospective clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Feb 20;100(4):261-9.
https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/100/4/261/908311
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270337?tool=bestpractice.com
[80]Nichols AC, Faquin WC, Westra WH, et al. HPV-16 infection predicts treatment outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Feb;140(2):228-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201294?tool=bestpractice.com
[81]Lassen P, Eriksen JG, Hamilton-Dutoit S, et al. Effect of HPV-associated p16INK4A expression on response to radiotherapy and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 20;27(12):1992-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289615?tool=bestpractice.com
[114]Rischin D, Young RJ, Fisher R, et al. Prognostic significance of p16INK4A and human papillomavirus in patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated on TROG 02.02 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Sep 20;28(27):4142-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20697079?tool=bestpractice.com
[115]Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):24-35.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0912217
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530316?tool=bestpractice.com
A faixa etária jovem (<50 anos) também está associada a uma melhor sobrevida específica para o carcinoma tonsilar (amigdaliano) em comparação com a idade avançada (>50 anos). Ainda não está claro se o benefício associado à faixa etária jovem está relacionado a uma alta prevalência de HPV-16 nessa população de pacientes ou à melhor tolerância ao tratamento.[116]Nguyen NP, Ly BH, Betz M, et al. Importance of age as a prognostic factor fortonsillar carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Oct;17(10):2570-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559738?tool=bestpractice.com
A sobrevida nos estádios iniciais de câncer orofaríngeo é excelente, variando de 80% a 90% em 5 anos.[75]Cosmidis A, Rame JP, Dassonville O, et al; Groupement d'Etudes des Tumeurs de la Tête et du Cou (GETTEC). T1-T2 N0 oropharyngeal cancers treated with surgery alone: a GETTEC study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004 May;261(5):276-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551793?tool=bestpractice.com
[76]Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Cancer. 2002 Jun 1;94(11):2967-80.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.10567
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12115386?tool=bestpractice.com
[117]Le Scodan R, Pommier P, Ardiet JM, et al. Exclusive brachytherapy for T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the velotonsillar area: results in 44 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Oct 1;63(2):441-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168837?tool=bestpractice.com
[118]Levendag P, Nijdam W, Noever I, et al. Brachytherapy versus surgery in carcinoma of tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate: late adverse sequelae and performance status: can we be more selective and obtain better tissue sparing? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):713-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15183475?tool=bestpractice.com
A morbidade e a mortalidade do tratamento são os principais fatores de seleção entre a cirurgia e a radioterapia. Para a doença ressecável localmente avançada, a sobrevida varia de 60% a 70% em 3 anos.[88]Adelstein DJ, Saxton JP, Lavertu P, et al. A phase III randomized trial comparing concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in resectable stage III and IV squamous cell head and neck cancer: preliminary results. Head Neck. 1997 Oct;19(7):567-75.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323144?tool=bestpractice.com
[119]Bernier J, Domenge C, Ozsahin M, et al; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial 22931. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 6;350(19):1945-52.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa032641
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15128894?tool=bestpractice.com
Para a doença localmente irressecável, a sobrevida em 3 anos varia de 40% a 55%.[91]Budach V, Stuschke M, Budach W, et al. Hyperfractionated accelerated chemoradiation with concurrent fluorouracil-mitomycin is more effective than dose-escalated hyperfractionated accelerated radiation therapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer: final results of the Radiotherapy Cooperative Clinical Trials Group of the German Cancer Society 95-06 Prospective Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1125-35.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2005.07.010
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15718308?tool=bestpractice.com
[92]Bensadoun RJ, Benezery K, Dassonville O, et al. French multicenter phase III randomized study testing concurrent twice-a-day radiotherapy and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (BiRCF) in unresectable pharyngeal carcinoma: results at 2 years (FNCLCC-GORTEC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Mar 15;64(4):983-94.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16376489?tool=bestpractice.com
[93]Staar S, Rudat V, Stuetzer H, et al. Intensified hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy limits the additional benefit of simultaneous chemotherapy: results of a multicentric randomized German trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Aug 1;50(5):1161-71. [Erratum in: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001 Oct 1;51(2):569.]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11483325?tool=bestpractice.com
[94]Semrau R, Mueller RP, Stuetzer H, et al. Efficacy of intensified hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy with carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil: updated results of a randomized multicentric trial in advanced head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Apr 1;64(5):1308-16.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16464538?tool=bestpractice.com
[95]Denis F, Garaud P, Bardet E, et al. Final results of the 94-01 French Head and Neck Oncology and Radiotherapy Group randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone with concomitant chemoradiotherapy in advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jan 1;22(1):69-76.
https://ascopubs.org/doi/full/10.1200/jco.2004.08.021
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657228?tool=bestpractice.com
[96]Calais G, Alfonsi M, Bardet E, et al. Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Dec 15;91(24):2081-6.
https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/91/24/2081/2964959
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601378?tool=bestpractice.com
[97]Brizel DM, Albers ME, Fisher SR, et al. Hyperfractionated irradiation with or without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 18;338(25):1798-804.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199806183382503
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632446?tool=bestpractice.com
Os pacientes com doença metastática têm um prognóstico desfavorável, com uma sobrevida mediana de aproximadamente 10 meses.[120]Pisani P, Airoldi M, Allais A, et al. Metastatic disease in head & neck oncology. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2020 Apr;40(suppl. 1):S1-86.
https://old.actaitalica.it/article/view/874
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32469009?tool=bestpractice.com
As novas técnicas de radioterapia, como a radioterapia de intensidade modulada (IMRT), têm potencial para melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente em razão de seu efeito de preservação dos tecidos normais. A National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recomenda a IMRT para minimizar os danos a estruturas críticas.[2]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: head and neck cancers [internet publication].
https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx
Taxas mais baixas de xerostomia foram relatadas quando pacientes com neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço foram tratados com IMRT, sem comprometer a sobrevida ou o controle da doença local. A incidência de disfagia e aspiração também pode ser reduzida em razão dos efeitos de preservação dos músculos faríngeos.[121]Guha S, Kelly CG, Guha R, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx: an overview. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2012;4(4):77-83.
https://www.omicsonline.org/intensity-modulated-radiation-therapy-imrt-in-the-treatment-of-squamous-carcinoma-of-the-oropharynx-1948-5956.1000115.php?aid=5968
O estado atual e prévio de tabagismo do paciente, inclusive o número de maços/dia, no momento do diagnóstico afeta a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas orofaríngeo, independente do status negativo para HPV.[122]Grønhøj C, Jensen JS, Wagner S, et al. Impact on survival of tobacco smoking for cases with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and known human papillomavirus and p16-status: a multicenter retrospective study. Oncotarget. 2019 Jul 23;10(45):4655-63.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6659794
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31384393?tool=bestpractice.com
Além disso, a exposição ao tabaco pode eliminar os benefícios de sobrevida associados ao estado positivo para HPV em pacientes com carcinoma de células escamosas orofaríngeo.[123]Elhalawani H, Mohamed ASR, Elgohari B, et al. Tobacco exposure as a major modifier of oncologic outcomes in human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2020 Sep 23;20(1):912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513300
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32967643?tool=bestpractice.com