Higiene bucal melhorada, especialmente entre os usuários de dentaduras, bem como a reconstituição salivar em pessoas com hipossalivação/xerostomia, são algumas das várias abordagens preventivas.[15]Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Mar;103(suppl 6):e1-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379157?tool=bestpractice.com
A profilaxia com agentes antifúngicos é usada para prevenir a infecção local e o envolvimento sistêmico da candidíase em pacientes submetidos a radiação ou tratamento quimioterapêutico para câncer, em estados imunocomprometidos associados à infecção por vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), ou após transplantes de medula óssea ou de órgãos. É reconhecido que há um forte efeito benéfico da profilaxia antifúngica em pacientes com câncer, e há fortes evidências de que os medicamentos absorvidos no trato gastrointestinal previnem a candidíase oral em pacientes que estejam recebendo tratamento para câncer.[44]Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD003807.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003807.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253497?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 18;(7):CD001972.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001972.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443513?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al; Fungal Infections Section, Oral Care Study Group, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO). A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010 Aug;18(8):985-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914797/?tool=pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20449755?tool=bestpractice.com
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How do antifungal drugs compare with placebo for preventing oral candidiasis in adults and children undergoing cancer treatment?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2807/fullMostre-me a resposta O tratamento ou a prevenção da candidíase oral em pacientes em tratamento para câncer inclui medicamentos totalmente absorvidos do trato gastrointestinal (por exemplo, fluconazol, itraconazol).[44]Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD003807.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003807.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253497?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 18;(7):CD001972.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001972.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443513?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al; Fungal Infections Section, Oral Care Study Group, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/International Society of Oral Oncology (ISOO). A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010 Aug;18(8):985-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914797/?tool=pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20449755?tool=bestpractice.com
Em pacientes com síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), foi relatado que a nistatina retarda o início da candidíase oral, e o fluconazol mostrou ser mais efetivo que o clotrimazol na prevenção do desenvolvimento da candidíase oral.[47]Powderly WG, Finkelstein D, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 16;332(11):700-5.
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199503163321102#t=article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7854376?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001 Aug;92(2):170-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505264?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Dec;27(6):1369-75.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/27/6/1369/317834
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9868644?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]MacPhail LA, Hilton JF, Dodd CL, et al. Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Aug 15;12(5):470-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8757423?tool=bestpractice.com
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In severely immunodepressed people, how does fluconazole compare with nystatin for improving outcomes?/cca.html?targetUrl=https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1664/fullMostre-me a resposta No entanto, a profilaxia antifúngica primária pode levar ao desenvolvimento de cepas de Candida resistentes a medicamentos e, também, a interações medicamentosas significativas. Além disso, a candidíase orofaríngea está associada a baixa morbidade e mortalidade, e a terapia antifúngica aguda é altamente eficaz. Portanto, a profilaxia primária de rotina não é recomendada.[17]National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Candidiasis (mucocutaneous). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/candidiasis-0
A administração de terapia antirretroviral e a restauração imunológica é considerada mais efetiva na prevenção da candidíase orofaríngea.[17]National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Candidiasis (mucocutaneous). 2020 [internet publication].
https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/candidiasis-0
Não há dados suficientes para que se façam recomendações em relação à terapia contínua versus a intermitente para pacientes imunocomprometidos, bem como para o uso de antifúngicos profiláticos em pacientes com diabetes.[15]Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Mar;103(suppl 6):e1-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379157?tool=bestpractice.com
[51]Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2010 Nov 10;(11):CD003940.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003940.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069679?tool=bestpractice.com
Para neonatos, o risco de candidíase oral pode ser reduzido evitando o uso prolongado de antibióticos e usando práticas rigorosas de higiene das mãos. Existem evidências de que, entre crianças bastante prematuras e com peso muito baixo ao nascer, a profilaxia com agentes antifúngicos não absorvidos orais/tópicos reduz o risco de infecção fúngica invasiva.[52]Austin N, Cleminson J, Darlow BA, et al. Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 24;(10):CD003478.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003478.pub5/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497202?tool=bestpractice.com