A incidência da síndrome da lise tumoral (SLT) é desconhecida, pois ela não foi avaliada ou documentada com precisão na maioria dos tipos de tumor.
A SLT é mais prevalente em malignidades hematológicas com altas taxas de proliferação, carga tumoral e quimiossensibilidade (por exemplo, leucemia linfoide aguda e linfoma de Burkitt).[1]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2767-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Williams SM, Killeen AA. Tumor lysis syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):386-93.
https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.5858/arpa.2017-0278-RS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499695?tool=bestpractice.com
Homens e mulheres de qualquer faixa etária ou etnia podem ser afetados. A idade avançada pode aumentar o risco de evoluir para SLT em razão da menor taxa de filtração glomerular e da presença de doenças comórbidas.[9]Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martin G, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Haematologica. 2008 Jan;93(1):67-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/4719
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166787?tool=bestpractice.com
Um estudo retrospectivo (433 adultos, 322 crianças) relatou uma incidência de SLT de 6.1% no linfoma não Hodgkin (LNH), 5.2% na leucemia linfoide aguda e 3.4% na leucemia mieloide aguda.[10]Annemans L, Moeremans K, Lamotte M, et al. Incidence, medical resource utilisation and costs of hyperuricemia and tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in four European countries. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003 Jan;44(1):77-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12691145?tool=bestpractice.com
Em outro estudo (1791 pacientes pediátricos com LNH), 4.4% (78 pacientes) desenvolveram SLT; a maior proporção ocorreu em pacientes com leucemia linfoide aguda de células B (26.4%) e linfoma de Burkitt em estádio avançado (14.9%).[11]Wössmann W, Schrappe M, Meyer U, et al. Incidence of tumor lysis syndrome in children with advanced stage Burkitt's lymphoma/leukemia before and after introduction of prophylactic use of urate oxidase. Ann Hematol. 2003 Mar;82(3):160-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634948?tool=bestpractice.com
A SLT ocorre com menos frequência no mieloma múltiplo e na neoplasia hematológica indolente, leucemia linfocítica crônica.[4]Jones GL, Will A, Jackson GH, et al. Guidelines for the management of tumour lysis syndrome in adults and children with haematological malignancies on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jun;169(5):661-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25876990?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275717?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Feb;7(2):e168-e176.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004486?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/venetoclax-venclyxtov-updated-recommendations-on-tumour-lysis-syndrome-tls
[12]McCroskey RD, Mosher DF, Spencer CD, et al. Acute tumor lysis syndrome and treatment response in patients treated for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with short-course, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, and etoposide. Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;66(2):246-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2369709?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Cany L, Fitoussi O, Boiron JM, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome at the beginning of thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2212.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956286?tool=bestpractice.com
A prevalência da SLT laboratorial e clínica é variável. Em um estudo com 102 pacientes com LNH de grau intermediário ou alto, 42% desenvolveram SLT laboratorial e 6% desenvolveram SLT clínica.[14]Hande KR, Garrow GC. Acute tumor lysis syndrome in patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Med. 1993 Feb;94(2):133-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430709?tool=bestpractice.com
Em um estudo com 772 pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda tratados com quimioterapia de indução, 12% desenvolveram SLT laboratorial e 5% desenvolveram SLT clínica.[9]Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martin G, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Haematologica. 2008 Jan;93(1):67-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/4719
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166787?tool=bestpractice.com
Há relatos de SLT em tumores sólidos (não hematológicos), como câncer de células renais, câncer de mama, câncer pulmonar de células pequenas, câncer de testículo e neuroblastoma, mas são incomuns.[15]Nicholaou T, Wong R, Davis ID. Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with renal-cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib malate. Lancet. 2007 Jun 9;369(9577):1923-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560435?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Gemici C. Tumour lysis syndrome in solid tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2006 Dec;18(10):773-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168213?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Baeksgaard L, Sorensen JB. Acute tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors - a case report and review of the literature. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;51(3):187-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12655435?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, com avanços no tratamento do câncer e a crescente disponibilidade de terapias altamente eficazes (por exemplo, agentes direcionados), é provável que a incidência de SLT aumente em todas as neoplasias malignas, inclusive em tumores sólidos.[8]Williams SM, Killeen AA. Tumor lysis syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):386-93.
https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.5858/arpa.2017-0278-RS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499695?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]McBride A, Westervelt P. Recognizing and managing the expanded risk of tumor lysis syndrome in hematologic and solid malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2012 Dec 13;5:75.
https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-8722-5-75
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237230?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Howard SC, Trifilio S, Gregory TK, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel and targeted agents in patients with hematologic malignancies: a systematic review. Ann Hematol. 2016 Mar;95(4):563-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758269?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com