A síndrome da lise tumoral (SLT) é mais comumente associada ao início da quimioterapia, particularmente esquemas com medicamentos altamente ativos, específicos para a fase do ciclo celular (por exemplo, etoposídeo, citarabina).[1]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2767-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]McCroskey RD, Mosher DF, Spencer CD, et al. Acute tumor lysis syndrome and treatment response in patients treated for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with short-course, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, and etoposide. Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;66(2):246-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2369709?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com
Há um número crescente de relatos de SLT com agentes direcionados (por exemplo, venetoclax, sunitinibe, bortezomibe) e imunoterapia (por exemplo, anticorpos monoclonais).[5]Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275717?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Feb;7(2):e168-e176.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004486?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/venetoclax-venclyxtov-updated-recommendations-on-tumour-lysis-syndrome-tls
[8]Williams SM, Killeen AA. Tumor lysis syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):386-93.
https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.5858/arpa.2017-0278-RS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499695?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]McBride A, Westervelt P. Recognizing and managing the expanded risk of tumor lysis syndrome in hematologic and solid malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2012 Dec 13;5:75.
https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-8722-5-75
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237230?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Howard SC, Trifilio S, Gregory TK, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel and targeted agents in patients with hematologic malignancies: a systematic review. Ann Hematol. 2016 Mar;95(4):563-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758269?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Sanagawa A, Hotta Y, Kondo M, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome associated with bortezomib: A post-hoc analysis after signal detection using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Anticancer Drugs. 2020 Feb;31(2):183-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31789626?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Durani U, Hogan WJ. Emergencies in haematology: tumour lysis syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2020 Feb;188(4):494-500.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16278
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31774551?tool=bestpractice.com
Há relatos de SLT ocorrendo com outros tratamentos, como corticosteroides, terapia hormonal, quimioterapia intratecal e radioterapia, mas são incomuns.[23]Habib GS, Saliba WR. Tumor lysis syndrome after hydrocortisone treatment in metastatic melanoma: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Sci. 2002 Mar;323(3):155-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11908861?tool=bestpractice.com
[24]Fer MF, Bottino GC, Sherwin SA, et al. Atypical tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with T cell lymphoma treated with recombinant leukocyte interferon. Am J Med. 1984 Nov;77(5):953-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6333818?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Simmons ED, Somberg KA. Acute tumor lysis syndrome after intrathecal methotrexate administration. Cancer. 1991 Apr 15;67(8):2062-5.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004324?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Glasser CL. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) following intrathecal chemotherapy in a child with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Leuk Res Rep. 2017 Oct 23;8:19-20.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrr.2017.10.002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29159035?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Mirrakhimov AE, Ali AM, Khan M, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors: an up to date review of the literature. Rare Tumors. 2014 May 13;6(2):5389.
https://www.doi.org/10.4081/rt.2014.5389
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25002953?tool=bestpractice.com
SLT espontânea (isto é, que ocorre sem o início do tratamento para câncer) também foi relatada, principalmente em associação com neoplasia hematológica de alto grau (por exemplo, leucemia linfoide de célula B aguda).[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com
A SLT espontânea é incomum.
A SLT costuma se desenvolver em neoplasias hematológicas altamente proliferativas, particularmente linfoma não Hodgkin de alto grau (por exemplo, linfoma de Burkitt e linfoma difuso de grandes células B), leucemia linfoide aguda e leucemia mieloide aguda.[1]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2767-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Williams SM, Killeen AA. Tumor lysis syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):386-93.
https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.5858/arpa.2017-0278-RS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499695?tool=bestpractice.com
Ocorre com menos frequência no mieloma múltiplo e na neoplasia hematológica indolente, leucemia linfocítica crônica.[4]Jones GL, Will A, Jackson GH, et al. Guidelines for the management of tumour lysis syndrome in adults and children with haematological malignancies on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2015 Jun;169(5):661-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13403
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25876990?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275717?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Feb;7(2):e168-e176.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004486?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/venetoclax-venclyxtov-updated-recommendations-on-tumour-lysis-syndrome-tls
[12]McCroskey RD, Mosher DF, Spencer CD, et al. Acute tumor lysis syndrome and treatment response in patients treated for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with short-course, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, and etoposide. Cancer. 1990 Jul 15;66(2):246-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2369709?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Cany L, Fitoussi O, Boiron JM, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome at the beginning of thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2212.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956286?tool=bestpractice.com
Relatos de SLT em tumores sólidos (não hematológicos), como câncer de células renais, câncer de mama, câncer pulmonar de células pequenas, câncer de testículo e neuroblastoma, são incomuns.[15]Nicholaou T, Wong R, Davis ID. Tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with renal-cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib malate. Lancet. 2007 Jun 9;369(9577):1923-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17560435?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Gemici C. Tumour lysis syndrome in solid tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2006 Dec;18(10):773-80.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168213?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Baeksgaard L, Sorensen JB. Acute tumor lysis syndrome in solid tumors - a case report and review of the literature. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2003 Mar;51(3):187-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12655435?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, é provável que a incidência da SLT seja maior entre todas as neoplasias malignas, inclusive em tumores sólidos, devido aos avanços no tratamento contra o câncer.[5]Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.
https://www.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2020000120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275717?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020 Feb;7(2):e168-e176.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32004486?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/venetoclax-venclyxtov-updated-recommendations-on-tumour-lysis-syndrome-tls
[8]Williams SM, Killeen AA. Tumor lysis syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):386-93.
https://www.archivesofpathology.org/doi/10.5858/arpa.2017-0278-RS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499695?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]McBride A, Westervelt P. Recognizing and managing the expanded risk of tumor lysis syndrome in hematologic and solid malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2012 Dec 13;5:75.
https://jhoonline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-8722-5-75
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23237230?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Howard SC, Trifilio S, Gregory TK, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel and targeted agents in patients with hematologic malignancies: a systematic review. Ann Hematol. 2016 Mar;95(4):563-73.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758269?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Sanagawa A, Hotta Y, Kondo M, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome associated with bortezomib: A post-hoc analysis after signal detection using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Anticancer Drugs. 2020 Feb;31(2):183-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31789626?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Durani U, Hogan WJ. Emergencies in haematology: tumour lysis syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2020 Feb;188(4):494-500.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16278
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31774551?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Glasser CL. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) following intrathecal chemotherapy in a child with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Leuk Res Rep. 2017 Oct 23;8:19-20.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.lrr.2017.10.002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29159035?tool=bestpractice.com
O risco de desenvolver SLT é aumentado se houver alta carga tumoral (ou seja, uma massa tumoral volumosa que divide com rapidez as células cancerígenas) e se o tumor for sensível à quimioterapia ou a outros tratamentos para o câncer (por exemplo, agentes direcionados).[1]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2767-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[20]McBride A, Trifilio S, Baxter N, et al. Managing tumor lysis syndrome in the era of novel cancer therapies. J Adv Pract Oncol. 2017 Nov-Dec;8(7):705-20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188097
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333933?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. The tumor lysis syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 12;364(19):1844-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561350?tool=bestpractice.com
Lactato desidrogenase sérica elevada, leucocitose e hiperuricemia antes do início do tratamento para câncer estão correlacionados com alta carga tumoral e são considerados fatores de risco independentes para SLT.[2]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):3-11.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martin G, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Haematologica. 2008 Jan;93(1):67-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/4719
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166787?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Mato AR, Riccio BE, Qin L, et al. A predictive model for the detection of tumor lysis syndrome during AML induction therapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 May;47(5):877-83.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753873?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Darmon M, Vincent F, Camous L, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome and acute kidney injury in high-risk haematology patients in the rasburicase era. A prospective multicentre study from the Groupe de Recherche en Réanimation Respiratoire et Onco-Hématologique. Br J Haematol. 2013 Aug;162(4):489-97.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.12415
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23772757?tool=bestpractice.com
Comprometimento renal preexistente (creatinina sérica elevada ≥1.5 vez do limite superior do normal), desidratação (com ureia elevada) e depleção de volume são fatores de risco predisponentes para SLT que podem ser modificados e devem ser identificados antes de iniciar o tratamento para câncer.[1]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 1;26(16):2767-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Howard SC, Jones DP, Pui CH. The tumor lysis syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 12;364(19):1844-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561350?tool=bestpractice.com
Há maior probabilidade de desenvolver SLT com idade avançada.[9]Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martin G, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Haematologica. 2008 Jan;93(1):67-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/4719
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166787?tool=bestpractice.com
No entanto, isso está provavelmente relacionado a uma redução na taxa de filtração glomerular que se desenvolve com a idade avançada. Assim, a idade avançada não é considerado um fator de risco independente para SLT.[9]Montesinos P, Lorenzo I, Martin G, et al. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: identification of risk factors and development of a predictive model. Haematologica. 2008 Jan;93(1):67-74.
https://haematologica.org/article/view/4719
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166787?tool=bestpractice.com