La hipertensión esencial sin diagnosticar o tratada inadecuadamente es una causa frecuente de emergencia hipertensiva.[12]Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):544]. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 16;345(7):479-86.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa010273?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519501?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Tisdale JE, Huang MB, Borzak S, et al. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis: importance of out-patient blood pressure control. Fam Pract. 2004 Aug;21(4):420-4.
http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/4/420
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249531?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Shea S, Misra D, Ehrlich MH, et al. Predisposing factors for severe, uncontrolled hypertension in an inner-city minority population. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 10;327(11):776-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1501654?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]Bennett NM, Shea S. Hypertensive emergency: case criteria, sociodemographic profile, and previous care of 100 cases. Am J Public Health. 1988 Jun;78(6):636-40.
https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/epdf/10.2105/AJPH.78.6.636
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3369591?tool=bestpractice.com
Otra causa común es la hipertensión secundaria y resistente.
Las alteraciones sistémicas que pueden llevar a una presentación de emergencia hipertensiva incluyen:
Enfermedad renal (enfermedad crónica subyacente, estenosis de la arteria renal, glomerulonefritis aguda, enfermedades vasculares del colágeno, trasplante de riñón)[24]Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers G. The failure of malignant hypertension to decline: a survey of 24 years' experience in a multiracial population in England. J Hypertens. 1994 Nov;12(11):1297-305.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7868878?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Guerin C, Gonthier R, Berthoux FC. Long-term prognosis in malignant or accelerated hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1988;3(1):33-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3132637?tool=bestpractice.com
[26]Davis TK, Halabi CM, Siefken P, et al. Aggressive blood pressure control for chronic kidney disease unmasks moyamoya! Clin Kidney J. 2013 Oct;6(5):495-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4438405
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26064513?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Judd E, Calhoun DA. Management of hypertension in CKD: beyond the guidelines. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015 Mar;22(2):116-22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445132
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25704348?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Macedo TA, Drager LF, Pedrosa RP, et al. Intermittent claudication and severe renal artery stenosis are independently associated in hypertensive patients referred for renal arteriography. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2017 Jul;72(7):411-4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5525161
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28793000?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Kasiske BL, Anjum S, Shah R, et al. Hypertension after kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 Jun;43(6):1071-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15168388?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Chen W, Kayler LK, Zand MS, et al. Transplant renal artery stenosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy. Clin Kidney J. 2015 Feb;8(1):71-8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4310434
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25713713?tool=bestpractice.com
Neurológico (traumatismo craneal, lesión de la médula espinal, disfunción autónoma)[31]Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):465-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372707?tool=bestpractice.com
Respiratorio (apnea obstructiva del sueño)[32]Phillips CL, O'Driscoll DM. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013 May 10;5:43-52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3666153
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750107?tool=bestpractice.com
[33]Silaruks S, Sawanyawisuth K. A case of obstructive sleep apnoea presented with hypertensive emergency. Heart Lung Circ. 2015;24(suppl 3):S121.[34]Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000988?rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34148375?tool=bestpractice.com
Endocrino (aldosteronismo primario, feocromocitoma, trastorno tiroideo, síndrome de Cushing, acromegalia, hiperparatiroidismo, tumor carcinoide, hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita o tumor secretor de renina).[31]Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):465-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372707?tool=bestpractice.com
[35]Whitworth JA, Mangos GJ, Kelley JJ. Hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome. In: Mansoor GA, ed. Secondary hypertension, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2004.[36]Pappachan JM, Buch HN. Endocrine hypertension: a practical approach. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:215-37.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864805?tool=bestpractice.com
[37]Garg MK, Kharb S, Brar KS, et al. Medical management of pheochromocytoma: role of the endocrinologist. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct;15(suppl 4):S329-36.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3230088
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22145136?tool=bestpractice.com
La preeclampsia, el síndrome HELLP (hemólisis, elevación de las enzimas hepáticas, plaquetas bajas) y la eclampsia, relacionadas con el embarazo, también son causas importantes de emergencia hipertensiva en mujeres.[31]Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):465-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372707?tool=bestpractice.com
Cuando se intente determinar la posible causa de una emergencia hipertensiva también se debe tener en cuenta el estilo de vida, ya que la ingesta excesiva de sal en la dieta, la obesidad y/o el consumo de alcohol pueden contribuir a la hipertensión.[38]Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-87.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34724806?tool=bestpractice.com
También se tiene que obtener un registro minucioso de los medicamentos tomados, ya que ciertos medicamentos pueden inducir o exacerbar la hipertensión, entre ellos los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, anticonceptivos orales, simpaticomiméticos, medicamentos ilícitos, glucocorticoides, mineralocorticoides, inhibidores de la calcineurina, eritropoyetina, suplementos herbales, inhibidores del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular e interacciones involuntarias de alimentos o fármacos con los inhibidores de la monoaminooxidasa.[7]Bress AP, Anderson TS, Flack JM, et al. The management of elevated blood pressure in the acute care setting: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2024 Aug;81(8):e94-106.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000238
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38804130?tool=bestpractice.com
[31]Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):465-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28372707?tool=bestpractice.com
[39]Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.