Most people will experience epistaxis at some stage, and the lifetime incidence is estimated to be around 60%.[7]Yau S. An update on epistaxis. Aust Fam Physician. 2015 Sep;44(9):653-6.
https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/september/an-update-on-epistaxis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26488045?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Tunkel DE, Anne S, Payne SC, et al. Clinical practice guideline: nosebleed (epistaxis). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jan;162(1 suppl):S1-S38.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0194599819890327
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31910111?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Viehweg TL, Roberson JB, Hudson JW. Epistaxis: diagnosis and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Mar;64(3):511-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487816?tool=bestpractice.com
About 6% of people who have nosebleeds seek medical attention. It has been estimated that epistaxis accounts for 0.5% of all emergency department visits.[8]Tunkel DE, Anne S, Payne SC, et al. Clinical practice guideline: nosebleed (epistaxis). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jan;162(1 suppl):S1-S38.
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0194599819890327
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31910111?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]Viehweg TL, Roberson JB, Hudson JW. Epistaxis: diagnosis and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Mar;64(3):511-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16487816?tool=bestpractice.com
There is a bimodal age distribution with increased prevalence in children and older adults. There is no racial or sex predilection; with the exception of epistaxis secondary to trauma, which is slightly more common in men.
Nosebleeds occur more frequently in the drier, colder months, and in less humid environments. This is because dry air facilitates excoriation and cracking of the nasal mucosa, vessel trauma, and subsequent epistaxis.[1]Tan L, Calhoun K. Epistaxis. Med Clin North Am. 1999 Jan;83(1):43-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9927959?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Perretta L, Denslow B, Brown C. Emergency evaluation and management of epistaxis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1987 May;5(2):265-77.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3436294?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Santos P, Lepore M. Epistaxis. In: Bailey B, Healy G, Johnson J, et al., eds. Head & neck surgery-otolaryngology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001:415-28.[4]Massick D, Tobin E. Epistaxis. In: Cummings C, Flint P, Harker L, et al., eds. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005:942-61.[10]Pond F, Sizeland A. Epistaxis: strategies for management. Aust Fam Physician. 2000 Oct;29(10):933-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11059081?tool=bestpractice.com