Complications

Complication
Timeframe
Likelihood
short term
low

May occur with more severe compression fractures involving 2-column injury with retropulsion of bone into the canal. Computed tomography scanning is used to establish the diagnosis. Surgical decompression and stabilisation are indicated to prevent neurological deficit in this situation.

short term
low

Both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty can result in potentially fatal pulmonary emboli of bone cement, particularly if multiple levels are being treated.[1]​ In one study of a series of 65 procedures, emboli were noted on approximately 5% of chest x-rays. None of the detected emboli were symptomatic.[100]

short term
low

Extravasation of bone cement during vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty can damage the spinal cord or nerve roots through direct pressure effects or thermal damage as the bone cement cures.[101] Radiculopathy rates of 4% and cord compression rates of <0.5% have been reported.[1]​​

long term
high

With persisting osteoporosis, patients are at risk of further fragility fractures of the hip, vertebrae, and wrist.

Osteoporosis

long term
medium

May occur if there is progressive collapse increasing the degree of local kyphosis (>30°). If there is associated pain, then surgical stabilisation is required.

long term
medium

Trunk extension, mobility, and walking distance may be significantly decreased compared with the normal age-matched population.[99]

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