Emerging treatments
Immunomodulators
Newer biologic therapies using monoclonal antibodies that target particular steps in the immunologic/inflammatory processes have been used in patients with aphthous ulceration.[66][67] These include tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists, such as etanercept and adalimumab.[68][69] However, data are limited as to their efficacy in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and caution as to their use in oral ulceration is necessary.[70][71] Furthermore, adverse effects of these agents are recognized increasingly: most notably, the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with efalizumab.[72] Therefore, their use cannot be recommended for patients with RAS, at this time.
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