An estimated 64 million people have glaucoma worldwide, of whom approximately 11% have moderate-to-severe vision impairment (MSVI) or blindness.[2]Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec;5(12):e1221-34.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(17)30393-5/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29032195?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081-90.
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(14)00433-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974815?tool=bestpractice.com
The two main types of glaucoma, open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma, account for about half of all cases.[4]International Council of Ophthalmology. ICO guidelines for glaucoma eye care. Feb 2016 [internet publication].
https://icoph.org/eye-care-delivery/glaucoma
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and the second leading cause of irreversible MSVI.[5]GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-e160.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30489-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275949?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]World Health Organization. Blindness and vision impairment. Aug 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment
Estimates suggest that vision impairment could have been prevented, or has yet to be addressed, in 7.7 million cases globally.[5]GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Feb;9(2):e144-e160.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30489-7/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275949?tool=bestpractice.com
Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma in Western countries.[4]International Council of Ophthalmology. ICO guidelines for glaucoma eye care. Feb 2016 [internet publication].
https://icoph.org/eye-care-delivery/glaucoma
In the US, it affects 9 in 10 people with glaucoma.[7]US National Eye Institute. Types of glaucoma. Sep 2021 [internet publication].
https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/glaucoma/types-glaucoma
Open-angle glaucoma is the main irreversible cause of blindness in black people.[8]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary open-angle glaucoma preferred practice pattern. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-open-angle-glaucoma-ppp
[9]Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, et al. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Apr;122(4):532-8.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/416231
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078671?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Sommer A, Tielsch JM, Katz J, et al. Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in east Baltimore. N Engl J Med. 1991 Nov 14;325(20):1412-7.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199111143252004
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1922252?tool=bestpractice.com
Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma is threefold higher in African-American and Hispanic people of Mexican ancestry compared with non-Hispanic white people.[8]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary open-angle glaucoma preferred practice pattern. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-open-angle-glaucoma-ppp
[11]World Health Organization. World report on vision. Oct 2019 [internet publication].
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516570
[12]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary open-angle glaucoma suspect preferred practice pattern. Nov 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.aao.org/education/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-open-angle-glaucoma-suspect-ppp
Primary open-angle glaucoma is prevalent in Africa (4.2%) and in Latin America/Caribbean (3.65%).[3]Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Nov;121(11):2081-90.
https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(14)00433-3/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24974815?tool=bestpractice.com