Prognosis

In hospitals, mortality ranges from 2% to 20% depending on clinical factors found on admission.[116] Predictors of adverse outcomes include: hypotension, renal dysfunction, older age, male sex, ischemic congestive heart failure (CHF), previous CHF, respiratory rate on admission >30/minute, anemia, hyponatremia, elevated troponin, elevated B-type natriuretic peptide, and other comorbidities such as cancer.[117]

One study found that among patients hospitalized with heart failure, patients across the ejection fraction spectrum have a similarly poor 5-year survival with an elevated risk for cardiovascular and heart failure admission.[118] All patients in this cohort, regardless of ejection fraction, had a remarkably high mortality rate at 5 years from index admission (75.4%).[118]​ One meta-analysis has shown that presence of wide QRS or bundle branch block (BBB) is associated with a modest increase in the risk of all cause mortality in patients with acute heart failure (irrespective of the type of BBB).[119]

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