Summary
Definition
History and exam
Diagnostic tests
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Ishaan Swarup, MD, FAAOS, FAAP
Assistant Professor of Clinical Orthopaedic Surgery
Director, Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma
Associate Fellowship Director, Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California
San Francisco
CA
Disclosures
IS is the author of a reference cited in this topic.
Acknowledgements
Dr Ishaan Swarup would like to gratefully acknowledge Professor James McCarthy and Dr Jaime Denning, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
JM is a board member for the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. He has given workshops at annual teaching meetings for DePuy Synthes, received royalties from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for editing a book, and received grant and travel money from Nuvasive. JM has worked as a consultant for Nuvasive within the past 5 years, and frequently gives academic ground rounds lectures. JD declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Norm Otsuka, MD
Assistant Chief of Staff
Shriners Hospital for Children
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
NO declares that he has no competing interests.
Michael Smith, MB, BChir, FRCS
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedics
Guy's & St Thomas' Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peter Cundy, MBBS, FRACS
Head of Orthopaedic Surgery
Women's & Children's Hospital
Adelaide
Australia
Disclosures
PC declares that he has no competing interests.
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