References

Key articles

Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-608.Full text  Abstract

Mazzolai L, Ageno W, Alatri A, et al. Second consensus document on diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: updated document elaborated by the ESC Working Group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the ESC Working Group on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022 May 27;29(8):1248-63.Full text  Abstract

Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e195S-226S.Full text  Abstract

Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: compendium and review of CHEST guidelines 2012-2021. Chest. 2024 Aug;166(2):388-404.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Feb 23;143(8):e254-743.Full text  Abstract

2. Pomero F, Di Minno MN, Tamburini Premunian E, et al. A clinical score to rule out the concomitant presence of deep vein thrombosis in patients presenting with superficial vein thrombosis: the ICARO study. Thromb Res. 2015 Nov;136(5):938-42. Abstract

3. White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23 suppl 1):I4-8.Full text  Abstract

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC yellow book 2024: travel by air, land and sea - deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

5. Lutsey PL, Zakai NA. Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023 Apr;20(4):248-62.Full text  Abstract

6. Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, et al. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Apr;38(4 suppl):S495-501.Full text  Abstract

7. Heit JA, Spencer FA, White RH. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016 Jan;41(1):3-14.Full text  Abstract

8. Varrias D, Spanos M, Kokkinidis DG, et al. Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: challenges and solutions. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2023;19:469-84.Full text  Abstract

9. Dentali F, Mumoli N, Prisco D, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended thromboprophylaxis for medically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb Haemost. 2017 Feb 28;117(3):606-17. Abstract

10. Kaplan D, Casper TC, Elliott CG, et al. VTE incidence and risk factors in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Chest. 2015 Nov;148(5):1224-30.Full text  Abstract

11. Jiménez D, García-Sanchez A, Rali P, et al. Incidence of VTE and bleeding among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2021 Mar;159(3):1182-96.Full text  Abstract

12. Marder VJ, Rosove MH, Minning DM. Foundation and sites of action of antithrombotic agents. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2004 Mar;17(1):3-22. Abstract

13. Cervantes J, Rojas G. Virchow's legacy: deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. World J Surg. 2005 Apr 14;29 Suppl 1:S30-4. Abstract

14. Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. BMJ. 1992 Sep 5;305(6853):567-74.Full text  Abstract

15. Grilz E, Posch F, Nopp S, et al. Relative risk of arterial and venous thromboembolism in persons with cancer vs. persons without cancer - a nationwide analysis. Eur Heart J. 2021 Jun 14;42(23):2299-307.Full text  Abstract

16. Agnelli G, Becattini C. Treatment of DVT: how long is enough and how do you predict recurrence. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2008 Feb;25(1):37-44. Abstract

17. Kearon C, Ageno W, Cannegieter SC, et al. Categorization of patients as having provoked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Jul;14(7):1480-3.Full text  Abstract

18. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-608.Full text  Abstract

19. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

20. Witt DM, Nieuwlaat R, Clark NP, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: optimal management of anticoagulation therapy. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3257-91; reaffirmed 2022.Full text  Abstract

21. Ortel TL, Neumann I, Ageno W, et al. American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Blood Adv. 2020 Oct 13;4(19):4693-738; reaffirmed 2022.Full text  Abstract

22. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 21;41(4):543-603.Full text  Abstract

23. Turpie AG, Chin BS, Lip GY. Venous thromboembolism: pathophysiology, clinical features, and prevention. BMJ. 2002 Oct 19;325(7369):887-90.Full text  Abstract

24. Cogo A, Lensing AW, Prandoni P, et al. Distribution of thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: implications for simplifying the diagnostic process with compression ultrasound. Arch Intern Med. 1993 Dec 27;153(24):2777-80. Abstract

25. Sevitt S. The structure and growth of valve-pocket thrombi in femoral veins. J Clin Pathol. 1974 Jul;27(7):517-28.Full text  Abstract

26. Paterson JC, McLachlin J. Precipitating factors in venous thrombosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1954 Jan;98(1):96-102. Abstract

27. Bates SM, Jaeschke R, Stevens SM, et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Diagnosis of DVT: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(suppl 2):e351S-418S.Full text  Abstract

28. Kearon C, de Wit K, Parpia S, et al; Designer D-Dimer Deep vein thrombosis (4D) Study Investigators. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis with D-dimer adjusted to clinical probability: prospective diagnostic management study. BMJ. 2022 Feb 15;376:e067378.Full text

29. Singh T, Lavikainen LI, Halme ALE, et al. Timing of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after surgery: meta-analysis. Br J Surg. 2023 Apr 12;110(5):553-61.Full text  Abstract

30. Meknas D, Brækkan SK, Hansen JB, et al. Surgery as a trigger for incident venous thromboembolism: results from a population-based case-crossover study. TH Open. 2023 Jul;7(3):e244-50.Full text  Abstract

31. Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism in the community. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Jul;86(1):452-63. Abstract

32. Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, et al; EXCLAIM (Extended Prophylaxis for Venous ThromboEmbolism in Acutely Ill Medical Patients With Prolonged Immobilization) study. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jul 6;153(1):8-18.Full text  Abstract

33. Goldhaber SZ, Leizorovicz A, Kakkar AK, et al; ADOPT Trial Investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2011 Dec 8;365(23):2167-77.Full text  Abstract

34. Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al; MAGELLAN Investigators. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 7;368(6):513-23.Full text  Abstract

35. Chopra V, Flanders SA, Saint S, et al; Michigan Appropriateness Guide for Intravenouse Catheters (MAGIC) Panel. The Michigan appropriateness guide for intravenous catheters (MAGIC): results from a multispecialty panel using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Sep 15;163(suppl 6):S1-40.Full text  Abstract

36. Murray J, Precious E, Alikhan R. Catheter-related thrombosis in cancer patients. Br J Haematol. 2013 Sep;162(6):748-57. Abstract

37. White D, Woller SC, Stevens SM, et al. Comparative thrombosis risk of vascular access devices among critically ill medical patients. Thromb Res. 2018 Dec;172:54-60. Abstract

38. Blom JW, Doggen CJ, Osanto S, et al. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis. JAMA. 2005 Feb 9;293(6):715-22.Full text  Abstract

39. Zwicker JI, Furie BC, Furie B. Cancer-associated thrombosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2007 May;62(2):126-36. Abstract

40. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021 Jan;61(1):9-82.Full text  Abstract

41. Mazzolai L, Ageno W, Alatri A, et al. Second consensus document on diagnosis and management of acute deep vein thrombosis: updated document elaborated by the ESC Working Group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases and the ESC Working Group on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022 May 27;29(8):1248-63.Full text  Abstract

42. Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Jun 1;41(16):3063-71.Full text  Abstract

43. Goldhaber SZ, Visani L, De Rosa M. Acute pulmonary embolism: clinical outcomes in the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER). Lancet. 1999 Apr 24;353(9162):1386-9. Abstract

44. Ekeh AP, Dominguez KM, Markert RJ, et al. Incidence and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis after moderate and severe brain injury. J Trauma. 2010 Apr;68(4):912-5. Abstract

45. Paffrath T, Wafaisade A, Lefering R, et al. Venous thromboembolism after severe trauma: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Injury. 2010 Jan;41(1):97-101. Abstract

46. White RH, Zhou H, Romano PS. Incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism after different elective or urgent surgical procedures. Thromb Haemost. 2003 Sep;90(3):446-55. Abstract

47. Gregson J, Kaptoge S, Bolton T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Feb 1;4(2):163-73.Full text  Abstract

48. Nicholson M, Chan N, Bhagirath V, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in 2020 and beyond. J Clin Med. 2020 Aug 1;9(8):2467.Full text  Abstract

49. Martínez-Zamora MÁ, Cervera R, Balasch J. Thromboembolism risk following recurrent miscarriage. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2013 Nov;11(11):1503-13. Abstract

50. Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, et al. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Nov 15;143(10):697-706. Abstract

51. Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, et al. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Apr;6(4):632-7.Full text  Abstract

52. Chang SL, Huang YL, Lee MC, et al. Association of varicose veins with incident venous thromboembolism and peripheral artery disease. JAMA. 2018 Feb 27;319(8):807-17.Full text  Abstract

53. Underwood M, Bidlack C, Desch KC. Venous thromboembolic disease genetics: from variants to function. J Thromb Haemost. 2024 Sep;22(9):2393-403. Abstract

54. Middeldorp S, Nieuwlaat R, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. American Society of Hematology 2023 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: thrombophilia testing. Blood Adv. 2023 Nov 28;7(22):7101-38.Full text  Abstract

55. Society for Vascular Medicine. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

56. American Society of Hematology. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021.Full text

57. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ​ACOG committee opinion no. 556. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy: route of administration and risk of venous thromboembolism. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Apr;121(4):887-90; reaffirmed 2024.Full text  Abstract

58. Wu O, Robertson L, Langhorne P, et al. Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, thrombophilias and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. The Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jul;94(1):17-25. Abstract

59. Hirmerova J, Seidlerova J, Subrt I. The association of factor V Leiden with various clinical patterns of venous thromboembolism - the factor V Leiden paradox. QJM. 2014 Sep;107(9):715-20. Abstract

60. Croles FN, Nasserinejad K, Duvekot JJ, et al. Pregnancy, thrombophilia, and the risk of a first venous thrombosis: systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017 Oct 26;359:j4452.Full text  Abstract

61. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306.Full text  Abstract

62. Garcia D, Erkan D. Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 May 24;378(21):2010-21. Abstract

63. Ortel TL. Thrombosis and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005;2005(1):462-8.Full text  Abstract

64. Brouwer JL, Bijl M, Veeger NJ, et al. The contribution of inherited and acquired thrombophilic defects, alone or combined with antiphospholipid antibodies, to venous and arterial thromboembolism in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood. 2004 Jul 1;104(1):143-8.Full text  Abstract

65. Barba R, Gonzalvez-Gasch A, Joya Seijo D, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with liver diseases. J Thromb Haemost. 2018 Oct;16(10):2003-7.Full text  Abstract

66. Ho KM, Bham E, Pavey W. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and benefits and risks of thromboprophylaxis after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Oct 26;4(10):e002652.Full text  Abstract

67. Cook D, Attia J, Weaver B, et al. Venous thromboembolic disease: an observational study in medical-surgical intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care. 2000 Dec;15(4):127-32. Abstract

68. Mohammed K, Abu Dabrh AM, Benkhadra K, et al. Oral vs transdermal estrogen therapy and vascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):4012-20.Full text  Abstract

69. Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe GD, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008 May 31;336(7655):1227-31.Full text  Abstract

70. Gomes MP, Deitcher SR. Risk of venous thromboembolic disease associated with hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: a clinical review. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Oct 11;164(18):1965-76.Full text  Abstract

71. Committee on Gynecologic Practice. ACOG committee opinion number 540: risk of venous thromboembolism among users of drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive pills. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Nov;120(5):1239-42. Abstract

72. Angelini D, Khorana AA. Risk assessment scores for cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017 Jul;43(5):469-78. Abstract

73. Korswagen LA, Bartelds GM, Krieckaert CL, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic events in adalimumab-treated patients with antiadalimumab antibodies: a case series and cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Apr;63(4):877-83.Full text  Abstract

74. Guo Z, Huang Y, Gong L, et al. Association of androgen deprivation therapy with thromboembolic events in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2018 Nov;21(4):451-60. Abstract

75. Walker RF, Zakai NA, MacLehose RF, et al. Association of testosterone therapy with risk of venous thromboembolism among men with and without hypogonadism. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Feb 1;180(2):190-7.Full text  Abstract

76. Ayele HT, Brunetti VC, Renoux C, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res. 2021 Mar;199:123-31. Abstract

77. Schmidt M, Christiansen CF, Horváth-Puhó E, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Jul;9(7):1326-33.Full text  Abstract

78. Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Apr;54(4):736-42. Abstract

79. Parkin L, Balkwill A, Sweetland S, et al; Million Women Study Collaborators. Antidepressants, depression, and venous thromboembolism risk: large prospective study of UK women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 May 17;6(5):e005316.Full text  Abstract

80. Turpie AG, Chin BS, Lip GY. Venous thromboembolism: treatment strategies. BMJ. 2002 Oct 26;325(7370):948-50. [Errata in: BMJ. 2003 Jan 18;326(7381):156; BMJ. 2003 Jun 21;326(7403):1362.]Full text  Abstract

81. Gigante B, Tamargo J, Agewall S, et al. Update on antithrombotic therapy and body mass: a clinical consensus statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2024 Nov 6;10(7):614-45.Full text  Abstract

82. Watson HG, Baglin TP. Guidelines on travel-related venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol. 2011 Jan;152(1):31-4.Full text  Abstract

83. Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e195S-226S.Full text  Abstract

84. Sindet-Pedersen C, Bruun Oestergaard L, Gundlund A, et al. Familial clustering of venous thromboembolism: a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0169055.Full text  Abstract

85. Debourdeau P, Espié M, Chevret S, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of central venous catheter-related thromboembolism in breast cancer patients: the CAVECCAS study. Cancer Med. 2017 Nov;6(11):2732-44.Full text  Abstract

86. Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e227S-77S.Full text  Abstract

87. Horner D, Goodacre S, Davis S, et al. Which is the best model to assess risk for venous thromboembolism in hospitalised patients? BMJ. 2021 May 27;373:n1106. Abstract

88. Stuck AK, Spirk D, Schaudt J, et al. Risk assessment models for venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients: a systematic review. Thromb Haemost. 2017 Apr 3;117(4):801-8. Abstract

89. Gibson CM, Spyropoulos AC, Cohen AT, et al. The IMPROVEDD VTE Risk Score: incorporation of D-dimer into the IMPROVE score to improve venous thromboembolism risk stratification. TH Open. 2017 Jun;1(1):e56-65.Full text  Abstract

90. Kahn SR, Morrison DR, Diendéré G, et al. Interventions for implementation of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients at risk for venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 24;(4):CD008201.Full text  Abstract

91. Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e278S-325S.Full text  Abstract

92. Kakkos S, Kirkilesis G, Caprini JA, et al. Combined intermittent pneumatic leg compression and pharmacological prophylaxis for prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 28;(1):CD005258.Full text  Abstract

93. Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al; RECORD1 Study Group. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2765-75.Full text  Abstract

94. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Huo MH, et al. Oral dabigatran versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after primary total hip arthroplasty (RE-NOVATE II*): a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Thromb Haemost. 2011 Apr;105(4):721-9. Abstract

95. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Nov;5(11):2178-85.Full text  Abstract

96. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007 Sep 15;370(9591):949-56. Abstract

97. Kakkar AK, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Jul 5;372(9632):31-9. Abstract

98. Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al; RECORD3 Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 26;358(26):2776-86.Full text  Abstract

99. Ginsberg JS, Davidson BL, Comp PC, et al; RE-MOBILIZE Writing Committee. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Jan;24(1):1-9. Abstract

100. Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009 May 16;373(9676):1673-80. Abstract

101. Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, et al. Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 6;361(6):594-604.Full text  Abstract

102. Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2010 Mar 6;375(9717):807-15. Abstract

103. Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, et al; ADVANCE-3 Investigators. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2487-98.Full text  Abstract

104. Middleton P, Shepherd E, Gomersall JC. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 29;(3):CD001689.Full text  Abstract

105. Spyropoulos AC, Ageno W, Albers GW, et al; MARINER Investigators. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for medical illness. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 26;379(12):1118-27.Full text  Abstract

106. Bajaj NS, Vaduganathan M, Qamar A, et al. Extended prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism after hospitalization for medical illness: a trial sequential and cumulative meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019 Apr 29;16(4):e1002797.Full text  Abstract

107. Agnelli G, Becattini C, Meyer G, et al; Caravaggio Investigators. Apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 23;382(17):1599-607.Full text  Abstract

108. Weitz JI, Raskob GE, Spyropoulos AC, et al. Thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban in acutely ill medical patients with renal impairment: insights from the MAGELLAN and MARINER trials. Thromb Haemost. 2020 Mar;120(3):515-24.Full text  Abstract

109. Kahale LA, Matar CF, Tsolakian I, et al. Oral anticoagulation in people with cancer who have no therapeutic or prophylactic indication for anticoagulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 8;10(10):CD006466.Full text  Abstract

110. Clarke MJ, Broderick C, Hopewell S, et al. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 20;(4):CD004002.Full text  Abstract

111. Coker RK, Armstrong A, Church AC, et al. BTS clinical statement on air travel for passengers with respiratory disease. Thorax. 2022 Apr;77(4):329-50.Full text  Abstract

112. Galanis T, Eraso L, Perez A, et al. Venous thromboembolic disease. In: Slovut DP, Dean SM, Jaff MR, et al, eds. Comprehensive review in vascular and endovascular medicine. Vol I. Minneapolis, MN: Cardiotext Publishing; 2012:251-84.

113. Cooper RM, Hayat SA. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens, a rare complication of deep vein thrombosis. Emerg Med J. 2008 Jun;25(6):334. Abstract

114. Chaochankit W, Akaraborworn O. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens with compartment syndrome. Ann Vasc Dis. 2018 Sep 25;11(3):355-7.Full text  Abstract

115. Tovey C, Wyatt S. Diagnosis, investigation, and management of deep vein thrombosis. BMJ. 2003 May 31;326(7400):1180-4.Full text  Abstract

116. Douma RA, Mos IC, Erkens PM, et al. Performance of 4 clinical decision rules in the diagnostic management of acute pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Jun 7;154(11):709-18. Abstract

117. Blann AD, Lip GY. Venous thromboembolism. BMJ. 2006 Jan 28;332(7535):215-9.Full text  Abstract

118. Scarvelis D, Wells PS. Diagnosis and treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. CMAJ. 2006 Oct 24;175(9):1087-92.Full text  Abstract

119. Chan WS, Lee A, Spencer FA, et al. Predicting deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy: out in "LEFt" field? Ann Intern Med. 2009 Jul 21;151(2):85-92. Abstract

120. American College of Radiology; American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine; Society of Pediatric Radiology; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. ACR-AIUM-SPR-SRU practice parameter for the performance of peripheral venous ultrasound examination. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

121. Hasegawa M, Wada H, Yamaguchi T, et al. The evaluation of D-dimer levels for the comparison of fibrinogen and fibrin units using different D-dimer kits to diagnose VTE. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2018 May;24(4):655-62. Abstract

122. Ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Prins MH. Management studies using a combination of D-dimer test result and clinical probability to rule out venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Nov;3(11):2465-70.Full text  Abstract

123. Geersing GJ, Janssen KJ, Oudega R, et al. Excluding venous thromboembolism using point of care D-dimer tests in outpatients: a diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009 Aug 14;339:b2990.Full text  Abstract

124. Fancher TL, White RH, Kravitz RL. Combined use of rapid D-dimer testing and estimation of clinical probability in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis: systematic review. BMJ. 2004 Oct 9;329(7470):821. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2004 Nov 20;329(7476):1236.]Full text  Abstract

125. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Douketis J, et al. Management of suspected deep venous thrombosis in outpatients by using clinical assessment and D-dimer testing. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jul 17;135(2):108-11. Abstract

126. Takach Lapner S, Julian JA, Linkins LA, et al. Comparison of clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer and age-adjusted D-dimer interpretation to exclude venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2017 Oct 5;117(10):1937-43. Abstract

127. Lim W, Le Gal G, Bates SM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3226-56; reaffirmed 2022.Full text  Abstract

128. Francalanci I, Comeglio P, Liotta AA, et al. D-dimer concentrations during normal pregnancy, as measured by ELISA. Thromb Res. 1995 Jun 1;78(5):399-405. Abstract

129. Chan WS, Chunilal S, Lee A, et al. A red blood cell agglutination D-dimer test to exclude deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Aug 7;147(3):165-70. Abstract

130. Segal JB, Eng J, Tamariz LJ, et al. Review of the evidence on diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Ann Fam Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;5(1):63-73.Full text  Abstract

131. Bernardi E, Camporese G, Büller HR, et al; Erasmus Study Group. Serial 2-point ultrasonography plus D-dimer vs whole-leg color-coded Doppler ultrasonography for diagnosing suspected symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Oct 8;300(14):1653-9.Full text  Abstract

132. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Deschildre F, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT: comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy. Radiology. 1996 Sep;200(3):699-706. Abstract

133. Lensing AW, Doris CI, McGrath FP, et al. A comparison of compression ultrasound with color Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of symptomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Apr 14;157(7):765-8. Abstract

134. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Bauer KA, et al. Guidance for the evaluation and treatment of hereditary and acquired thrombophilia. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016 Jan;41(1):154-64.Full text  Abstract

135. Connors JM. Thrombophilia testing and venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 21;377(12):1177-87. Abstract

136. Klok FA, Ageno W, Ay C, et al. Optimal follow-up after acute pulmonary embolism: a position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function, in collaboration with the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, endorsed by the European Respiratory Society. Eur Heart J. 2022 Jan 25;43(3):183-9.Full text  Abstract

137. Fazili M, Stevens SM, Woller SC. Direct oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome with venous thromboembolism: impact of the European Medicines Agency guidance. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jan;4(1):9-12.Full text  Abstract

138. Timp JF, Braekkan SK, Versteeg HH, et al. Epidemiology of cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Blood. 2013 Sep 5;122(10):1712-23.Full text  Abstract

139. Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al; SOMIT Investigators Group. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2004 Jun;2(6):884-9.Full text  Abstract

140. Prandoni P, Falanga A, Piccioli A. Cancer and venous thromboembolism. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Jun;6(6):401-10. Abstract

141. Carrier M, Lazo-Langner A, Shivakumar S, et al; SOME Investigators. Screening for occult cancer in unprovoked venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 20;373(8):697-704.Full text  Abstract

142. Robertson L, Broderick C, Yeoh SE, et al. Effect of testing for cancer on cancer- or venous thromboembolism (VTE)-related mortality and morbidity in people with unprovoked VTE. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 1;(10):CD010837.Full text  Abstract

143. Chan WS, Spencer FA, Ginsberg JS. Anatomic distribution of deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy. CMAJ. 2010 Apr 20;182(7):657-60.Full text  Abstract

144. Chan WS, Spencer FA, Lee AY, et al. Safety of withholding anticoagulation in pregnant women with suspected deep vein thrombosis following negative serial compression ultrasound and iliac vein imaging. CMAJ. 2013 Mar 5;185(4):E194-200.Full text  Abstract

145. Le Gal G, Prins AM, Righini M, et al. Diagnostic value of a negative single complete compression ultrasound of the lower limbs to exclude the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in pregnant or postpartum women: a retrospective hospital-based study. Thromb Res. 2006;118(6):691-7. Abstract

146. Ratiu A, Navolan D, Spatariu I, et al. Diagnostic value of a negative single color duplex ultrasound in deep vein thrombosis suspicion during pregnancy. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2010 Apr-Jun;114(2):454-6. Abstract

147. Linnemann B, Bauersachs R, Rott H, et al. Diagnosis of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism - position paper of the Working Group in Women's Health of the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (GTH). Vasa. 2016;45(2):87-101. Abstract

148. Al Lawati K, Aljazeeri J, Bates SM, et al. Ability of a single negative ultrasound to rule out deep vein thrombosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Feb;18(2):373-80.Full text  Abstract

149. Stone J, Hangge P, Albadawi H, et al. Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017 Dec;7(suppl 3):S276-84.Full text  Abstract

150. Di Nisio M, Van Sluis GL, Bossuyt PM, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic tests for clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2010 Apr;8(4):684-92. Abstract

151. Constans J, Salmi LR, Sevestre-Pietri MA, et al. A clinical prediction score for upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jan;99(1):202-7. Abstract

152. Haut ER, Schneider EB, Patel A, et al. Duplex ultrasound screening for deep vein thrombosis in asymptomatic trauma patients: a survey of individual trauma surgeon opinions and current trauma center practices. J Trauma. 2011 Jan;70(1):27-33. Abstract

153. Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(suppl 2):e691S-736S.Full text  Abstract

154. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease [internet publication].Full text

155. Bates SM, Rajasekhar A, Middeldorp S, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3317-59.Full text  Abstract

156. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected lower extremity deep vein thrombosis. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

157. Liu D, Peterson E, Dooner J, et al. Diagnosis and management of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis: clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. 2015 Nov 17;187(17):1288-96.Full text  Abstract

158. Min SK, Kim YH, Joh JH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis: Korean practice guidelines. Vasc Specialist Int. 2016 Sep;32(3):77-104.Full text  Abstract

159. Chinsakchai K, Ten Duis K, Moll FL, et al. Trends in management of phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2011 Jan;45(1):5-14. Abstract

160. Patel NH, Plorde JJ, Meissner M. Catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of phlegmasia cerulea dolens. Ann Vasc Surg. 1998 Sep;12(5):471-5. Abstract

161. Zhang X, Chen Z, Sun Y, et al. Surgical thrombectomy and simultaneous stenting for phlegmasia cerulea dolens caused by iliac vein occlusion. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018 Aug;51:239-45. Abstract

162. Farsad K, Kapoor BS, Fidelman N, et al; Expert Panel on Interventional Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria® radiologic management of iliofemoral venous thrombosis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020 May;17(5s):S255-64.Full text  Abstract

163. Vedantham S, Goldhaber SZ, Julian JA, et al; ATTRACT Trial Investigators. Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 7;377(23):2240-52.Full text  Abstract

164. Kitchen L, Lawrence M, Speicher M, et al. Emergency department management of suspected calf-vein deep venous thrombosis: a diagnostic algorithm. West J Emerg Med. 2016 Jul;17(4):384-90.Full text  Abstract

165. Kearon C. A conceptual framework for two phases of anticoagulant treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 Apr;10(4):507-11.Full text  Abstract

166. Kelton JG, Arnold DM, Bates SM. Nonheparin anticoagulants for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 21;368(8):737-44. Abstract

167. Cuker A, Arepally GM, Chong BH, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3360-92; reaffirmed 2022.Full text  Abstract

168. Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, Brenner B, et al; EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 23;363(26):2499-510.Full text  Abstract

169. Wang X, Ma Y, Hui X, et al. Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Apr 14;(4):CD010956.Full text  Abstract

170. Su X, Yan B, Wang L, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in the patients with different renal functions: a systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Feb 21;12(2):e048619.Full text  Abstract

171. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al; RE-COVER Study Group. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 10;361(24):2342-52.Full text  Abstract

172. Klein TE, Altman RB, Eriksson N, et al; International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19;360(8):753-64.Full text  Abstract

173. Anderson JL, Horne BD, Stevens SM, et al; Couma-Gen Investigators. Randomized trial of genotype-guided versus standard warfarin dosing in patients initiating oral anticoagulation. Circulation. 2007 Nov 27;116(22):2563-70.Full text  Abstract

174. Kheiri B, Abdalla A, Haykal T, et al. Meta-analysis of genotype-guided versus standard dosing of vitamin K antagonists. Am J Cardiol. 2018 Apr 1;121(7):879-87. Abstract

175. Verhoef TI, Ragia G, de Boer A, et al; EU-PACT Group. A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 12;369(24):2304-12.Full text  Abstract

176. Pirmohamed M, Burnside G, Eriksson N, et al; EU-PACT Group. A randomized trial of genotype-guided dosing of warfarin. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 12;369(24):2294-303.Full text  Abstract

177. Kimmel SE, French B, Kasner SE, et al; COAG Investigators. A pharmacogenetic versus a clinical algorithm for warfarin dosing. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 12;369(24):2283-93.Full text  Abstract

178. Zineh I, Pacanowski M, Woodcock J. Pharmacogenetics and coumarin dosing: recalibrating expectations. N Engl J Med. 2013 Dec 12;369(24):2273-5. Abstract

179. Witt DM, Clark NP, Kaatz S, et al. Guidance for the practical management of warfarin therapy in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016 Jan;41(1):187-205.Full text  Abstract

180. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Baumann Kreuziger L, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: compendium and review of CHEST guidelines 2012-2021. Chest. 2024 Aug;166(2):388-404.Full text  Abstract

181. Ageno W, Vedovati MC, Cohen A, et al. Bleeding with apixaban and dalteparin in patients with cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: results from the Caravaggio study. Thromb Haemost. 2021 May;121(5):616-24. Abstract

182. Ifeanyi J, See S. A review of the safety and efficacy of apixaban in patients with severe renal impairment. Sr Care Pharm. 2023 Mar 1;38(3):86-94. Abstract

183. Nutescu EA, Spinler SA, Wittkowsky A, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins in renal impairment and obesity: available evidence and clinical practice recommendations across medical and surgical settings. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Jun;43(6):1064-83. Abstract

184. Ribic C, Crowther M. Thrombosis and anticoagulation in the setting of renal or liver disease. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2016 Dec 2;2016(1):188-95.Full text  Abstract

185. Martin KA, Beyer-Westendorf J, Davidson BL, et al. Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with obesity for treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism: updated communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Aug;19(8):1874-82.Full text  Abstract

186. Spyropoulos AC, Ashton V, Chen YW, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin treatment among morbidly obese patients with venous thromboembolism: comparative effectiveness, safety, and costs. Thromb Res. 2019 Oct;182:159-66.Full text  Abstract

187. Coons JC, Albert L, Bejjani A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in obese patients with acute venous thromboembolism. Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Mar;40(3):204-10. Abstract

188. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy and the puerperium: acute management (Green-top Guideline no. 37b). Apr 2015 [internet publication].Full text

189. Linnemann B, Scholz U, Rott H, et al. Treatment of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism - position paper from the Working Group in Women's Health of the Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (GTH). Vasa. 2016;45(2):103-18. Abstract

190. Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, et al. Oral anticoagulant therapy: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(suppl 2):e44S-88S.Full text  Abstract

191. Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Clinical scores to predict recurrence risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Dec;108(6):1061-4. Abstract

192. Rodger MA, Le Gal G, Anderson DR; REVERSE II Study Investigators. Validating the HERDOO2 rule to guide treatment duration for women with unprovoked venous thrombosis: multinational prospective cohort management study. BMJ. 2017 Mar 17;356:j1065.Full text  Abstract

193. Mai V, Tanguay VF, Guay CA, et al. DOAC compared to LMWH in the treatment of cancer related-venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020 Oct;50(3):661-7. Abstract

194. Haykal T, Zayed Y, Deliwala S, et al. Direct oral anticoagulant versus low-molecular-weight heparin for treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res. 2020 Oct;194:57-65. Abstract

195. Mulder FI, Bosch FTM, Young AM, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2020 Sep 17;136(12):1433-41.Full text  Abstract

196. Guman NAM, Becking AL, Weijers SS, et al. Risk assessment tools for bleeding in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism: an analysis of the PLATO-VTE study. J Thromb Haemost. 2024 Sep;22(9):2470-81. Abstract

197. Badescu MC, Ciocoiu M, Badulescu OV, et al. Prediction of bleeding events using the VTE-BLEED risk score in patients with venous thromboembolism receiving anticoagulant therapy (review). Exp Ther Med. 2021 Nov;22(5):1344.Full text  Abstract

198. Nishimoto Y, Yamashita Y, Morimoto T, et al; COMMAND VTE Registry Group. Validation of the VTE-BLEED score's long-term performance for major bleeding in patients with venous thromboembolisms: from the COMMAND VTE registry. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Mar;18(3):624-32.Full text  Abstract

199. Petersen SR, Bonnesen K, Grove EL, et al. Bleeding risk using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with anticoagulants after venous thromboembolism: a nationwide Danish study. Eur Heart J. 2025 Jan 3;46(1):58-68.Full text  Abstract

200. Wiggins BS, Dixon DL, Neyens RR, et al. Select drug-drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Mar 24;75(11):1341-50.Full text  Abstract

201. Konstantinides SV, Barco S. Systemic thrombolytic therapy for acute pulmonary embolism: who is a candidate? Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb;38(1):56-65. Abstract

202. Kaufman JA, Barnes GD, Chaer RA, et al. Society of Interventional Radiology clinical practice guideline for inferior vena cava filters in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolic disease. Developed in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, American Heart Association, Society for Vascular Surgery, and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020 Oct;31(10):1529-44.Full text  Abstract

203. American College of Radiology. ACR-SIR-SPR practice parameter for the performance of inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement for the prevention of pulmonary embolism. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

204. Leacche M, Unic D, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Modern surgical treatment of massive pulmonary embolism: results in 47 consecutive patients after rapid diagnosis and aggressive surgical approach. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 May;129(5):1018-23.Full text  Abstract

205. Aklog L, Williams CS, Byrne JG, et al. Acute pulmonary embolectomy: a contemporary approach. Circulation. 2002 Mar 26;105(12):1416-9.Full text  Abstract

206. Greelish JP, Leacche M, Solenkova NS, et al. Improved midterm outcomes for type A (central) pulmonary emboli treated surgically. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Dec;142(6):1423-9.Full text  Abstract

207. Stein PD, Matta F, Keyes DC, et al. Impact of vena cava filters on in-hospital case fatality rate from pulmonary embolism. Am J Med. 2012 May;125(5):478-84.Full text  Abstract

208. Muriel A, Jiménez D, Aujesky D, et al; RIETE Investigators. Survival effects of inferior vena cava filter in patients with acute symptomatic venous thromboembolism and a significant bleeding risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Apr 29;63(16):1675-83.Full text  Abstract

209. Rajasekhar A, Streiff MB. Vena cava filters for management of venous thromboembolism: a clinical review. Blood Rev. 2013 Sep;27(5):225-41. Abstract

210. PREPIC Study Group. Eight-year follow-up of patients with permanent vena cava filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism: the PREPIC (Prevention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave) randomized study. Circulation. 2005 Jul 19;112(3):416-22.Full text  Abstract

211. Decousus H, Leizorovicz A, Parent F, et al; Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):409-16.Full text  Abstract

212. Othieno R, Okpo E, Forster R. Home versus in-patient treatment for deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 9;(1):CD003076.Full text  Abstract

213. Nordenholz K, Ryan J, Atwood B, et al. Pulmonary embolism risk stratification: pulse oximetry and pulmonary embolism severity index. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jan;40(1):95-102.Full text  Abstract

214. Aujesky D, Obrosky DS, Stone RA, et al. Derivation and validation of a prognostic model for pulmonary embolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Oct 15;172(8):1041-6.Full text  Abstract

215. Bledsoe JR, Woller SC, Stevens SM, et al. Management of low-risk pulmonary embolism patients without hospitalization: the low-risk pulmonary embolism prospective management study. Chest. 2018 Aug;154(2):249-56. Abstract

216. Bledsoe J, Aston V, Patten R, et al. Low-risk pulmonary embolism (LOPE) patients can be safely managed as outpatients. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Oct;68(4):S2-3.

217. Howard LSGE, Barden S, Condliffe R, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for the initial outpatient management of pulmonary embolism (PE). Thorax. 2018 Jul;73(suppl 2):ii1-29.Full text  Abstract

218. Kahn SR, Shapiro S, Wells PS, et al; SOX trial investigators. Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Mar 8;383(9920):880-8. Abstract

219. Dawson AJ, Akaberi A, Galanaud JP, et al; SOX Trial investigators. Patient-reported reasons for and predictors of noncompliance with compression stockings in a randomized trial of stockings to prevent postthrombotic syndrome. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020 Feb;4(2):269-77.Full text  Abstract

220. Rabe E, Partsch H, Morrison N, et al. Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - a critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement. Phlebology. 2020 Aug;35(7):447-60.Full text  Abstract

221. Kahn SR, Shrier I, Kearon C. Physical activity in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2008;122(6):763-73. Abstract

222. Romera-Villegas A, Cairols-Castellote MA, Vila-Coll R, et al. Early mobilisation in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis does not increase the risk of a symptomatic pulmonary embolism. Int Angiol. 2008 Dec;27(6):494-9. Abstract

223. Aissaoui N, Martins E, Mouly S, et al. A meta-analysis of bed rest versus early ambulation in the management of pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, or both. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Sep 11;137(1):37-41. Abstract

224. Anderson CM, Overend TJ, Godwin J, et al. Ambulation after deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review. Physiother Can. 2009 Summer;61(3):133-40.Full text  Abstract

225. Posch F, Königsbrügge O, Zielinski C, et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a network meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of anticoagulants. Thromb Res. 2015 Sep;136(3):582-9.Full text  Abstract

226. Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, et al; Hokusai VTE Cancer Investigators. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 15;378(7):615-24.Full text  Abstract

227. McBane RD 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le-Rademacher JG, et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy-associated venous thromboembolism: the ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Feb;18(2):411-21.Full text  Abstract

228. Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018 May 10;36(20):2017-23.Full text  Abstract

229. Moik F, Posch F, Zielinski C, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants compared to low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020 May;4(4):550-61.Full text  Abstract

230. Sabatino J, De Rosa S, Polimeni A, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with active cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC: CardioOncol. 2020 Sep;3(2):428-40.Full text  Abstract

231. Xia Y, Hu Y, Tang L. Factor XIa inhibitors as a novel anticoagulation target: recent clinical research advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Jun 11;16(6):866.Full text  Abstract

232. Tashchilova A, Podoplelova N, Sulimov A, et al. New blood coagulation factor XIIa inhibitors: molecular modeling, synthesis, and experimental confirmation. Molecules. 2022 Feb 12;27(4):1234.Full text  Abstract

233. Lyman GH, Carrier M, Ay C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2021 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention and treatment in patients with cancer. Blood Adv. 2021 Feb 23;5(4):927-74.Full text  Abstract

234. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, et al; American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 Apr 26;123(16):1788-830.Full text  Abstract

235. Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al; International Initiative on Thrombosis and Cancer (ITAC) advisory panel. 2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):e334-47.Full text  Abstract

236. Falanga A, Ay C, Di Nisio M, et al. Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: ESMO clinical practice guideline. Ann Oncol. 2023 May;34(5):452-67.Full text  Abstract

237. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Venous thromboembolism in over 16s: reducing the risk of hospital-acquired deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

238. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium (Green-top Guideline no. 37a). Apr 2015 [internet publication].Full text

239. Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS, et al. Systematic review: case-fatality rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events among patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 4;152(9):578-89. Abstract

240. Spencer FA, Emery C, Joffe SW, et al. Incidence rates, clinical profile, and outcomes of patients with venous thromboembolism: the Worcester VTE study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2009 Nov;28(4):401-9. Abstract

241. Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):761-8.Full text  Abstract

242. Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jun 22;332(25):1661-5. Abstract

243. Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmström M, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. The Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Feb 6;336(6):393-8. Abstract

244. Kearon C, Julian JA, Kovacs MJ, et al; ELATE Investigators. Influence of thrombophilia on risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism while on warfarin: results from a randomized trial. Blood. 2008 Dec 1;112(12):4432-6.Full text  Abstract

245. Louzada ML, Majeed H, Wells PS. Efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin versus vitamin K antagonists for long term treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism in adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res. 2009 Apr;123(6):837-44. Abstract

246. Kearon C. Extended anticoagulation for unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a majority of patients should be treated. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011 Apr;31(3):295-300. Abstract

247. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996 Nov;101(5):502-7. Abstract

248. Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e495S-530S.Full text  Abstract

249. Warkentin TE, Heddle NM. Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2003 Mar;2(2):148-57. Abstract

250. Stein PD, Matta F, Musani MH, et al. Silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2010 May;123(5):426-31. Abstract

251. Shi Y, Wang T, Yuan Y, et al. Silent pulmonary embolism in deep vein thrombosis: relationship and risk factors. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2022 Jan-Dec;28:10760296221131034.Full text  Abstract

252. Kucher N, Goldhaber SZ. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006 Nov;32(8):838-47. Abstract

253. Kahn SR, Kearon C, Julian JA, et al. Predictors of the post-thrombotic syndrome during long-term treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Apr;3(4):718-23.Full text  Abstract

254. Galanaud JP, Monreal M, Kahn SR. Epidemiology of the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Res. 2018 Apr;164:100-9. Abstract

255. White RH, Beyth RJ, Zhou H, et al. Major bleeding after hospitalization for deep-venous thrombosis. Am J Med. 1999 Nov;107(5):414-24. Abstract

256. Frontera JA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Rabinstein AA, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Feb;24(1):6-46. Abstract

257. Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013 Sep 10;128(11):1234-43.Full text  Abstract

258. Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 17;373(25):2413-24.Full text  Abstract

259. Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e24S-43S.Full text  Abstract

260. Levine M, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. A randomized trial comparing activated thromboplastin time with heparin assay in patients with acute venous thromboembolism requiring large daily doses of heparin. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jan 10;154(1):49-56. Abstract

261. Lefkou E, Khamashta M, Hampson G, et al. Review: low-molecular-weight heparin-induced osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures: a myth or an existing entity? Lupus. 2010 Jan;19(1):3-12. Abstract

262. Smythe MA, Priziola J, Dobesh PP, et al. Guidance for the practical management of the heparin anticoagulants in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016 Jan;41(1):165-86.Full text  Abstract

263. Heneghan CJ, Garcia-Alamino JM, Spencer EA, et al. Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 5;(7):CD003839.Full text  Abstract

264. Wang M, Swinton M, Troyan S, et al. Perceptions of patients and healthcare providers on patient education to improve oral anticoagulant management. J Eval Clin Pract. 2022 Dec;28(6):1027-36. Abstract

265. Pawar A, Gagne JJ, Gopalakrishnan C, et al. Association of type of oral anticoagulant dispensed with adverse clinical outcomes in patients extending anticoagulation therapy beyond 90 days after hospitalization for venous thromboembolism. JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1051-60.Full text  Abstract

266. Bistervels IM, Buchmüller A, Wiegers HMG, et al; Highlow Block writing committee; Highlow Investigators. Intermediate-dose versus low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin in pregnant and post-partum women with a history of venous thromboembolism (Highlow study): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2022 Nov 19;400(10365):1777-87. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer