Primary prevention
Pregnant women should receive 600 to 1000 units/day of vitamin D daily during the second and third trimesters. When vitamin D deficiency is identified during pregnancy, most experts agree that 1000 to 2000 units/day of vitamin D is safe.[19] Vitamin D supplementation for infants may be more effective at reducing vitamin D deficiency in populations at higher risk of deficiency than supplementation for the lactating mothers (low certainty evidence).[20]
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants have a minimum intake of 400 units/day of vitamin D beginning soon after birth. The Institute of Medicine recommends vitamin D RDAs of 600 units/day for ages 1 to 70 years and 800 units/day for ages 71 years and older.[21] The recommended US daily allowance of elemental calcium is up to 1300 mg/day for adolescents, with recommended requirements going down after peak bone growth.[22]
Secondary prevention
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all infants have a minimum intake of 400 units/day of vitamin D beginning soon after birth to age 12 months. Children and adults ages >1 year should have at least 600 units/day of vitamin D.[21][26]
Infants of patients with familial hypophosphatemic rickets require frequent monitoring for hypophosphatemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, so that early diagnosis can be made and treatment started.[4]
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