Renal artery stenosis

No studies have been done to evaluate primary prevention of atherosclerotic RAS. However, a reasonable approach would suggest that aggressive cardiovascular risk factor modification may be beneficial.

• Patients should be referred to a nutrition specialist for evaluation and counseling regarding a low-salt, low-cholesterol diet. Special populations may require more specific advice (i.e., patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease).

• Consideration should be given to enrollment in an exercise program. If this is not possible, patients should be encouraged to exercise for half an hour every day.

• Smoking cessation or noninitiation is advised.