Primary prevention

The most widely reported primary prevention measures include education programs to improve sun protection habits, risk modeling to identify individuals at high risk of melanoma, and the promotion of sunscreen use.[48]

Using the UV index as a guide for the use of sun protection measures is recommended by the World Health Organization. World Health Organization: radiation: the ultraviolet (UV) index Opens in new window​ In some countries, the UV index is regularly published by many newspapers and weather apps.

Helpful measures to reduce exposure to ultraviolet light include:[49]

  • Wearing a wide-brimmed hat, protective clothing, and sunglasses outdoors

  • Finding shade, especially during midday hours

  • Using sunscreen of at least sun protection factor 15, even on cloudy days. Sunscreen should be reapplied regularly

  • Avoiding sunbathing and tanning beds.

People at particular risk should have annual skin examinations for early detection of melanoma or other skin cancers (see Screening section).

Skin cancer prevention resources are available.

Secondary prevention

The following preventive actions are recommended:[15][195]

  • Avoiding excessive direct ultraviolet (UV) exposure, especially in the middle of the day when UV light is most intense as guided by the UV index (WHO).

  • Wearing protective clothing including a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and broad-brimmed hat. Tightly woven fabrics generally provide the best sun protection.

  • Use of sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 15 or higher. This should protect against both UVA and UVB. It should be applied liberally to all sun-exposed skin 20 minutes before going outdoors and should be reapplied every 2 hours (more frequently if sweating or swimming). Sunscreen is recommended even on cloudy days.

  • Wearing sunglasses with 99% to 100% UV absorption to protect the eyes and periorbital skin.

  • Avoiding other sources of UV light: tanning beds and sun lamps have been positively correlated with melanoma.

  • Patients should be familiar with the pattern of their existing nevi. Self-examination is best done in front of a full-length mirror, using a handheld mirror for areas that are hard to see. All areas should be inspected, including the palms, soles, and perineum. Having a spouse or other partner assist in skin examination is helpful.

Skin cancer prevention resources are available.

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