International guidelines

Rest of the world

CDC prescribing opioids for pain[172]

Published by:Center for Disease Control

Last published:2022

ACR appropriateness criteria: low back pain[65]

Published by:American College of Radiology

Last published:2021

Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management[64]

Published by:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)

Last published:2020

Diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy[62]

Published by:National Association of Spine Specialists

Last published:2012

Interventional therapies, surgery and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain[98]

Published by:The American Pain Society

Last published:2009

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