The persistence of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is much more common in preterm than full-term infants.[2]Moore P, Brook MM, Heymann MA. Patent ductus arteriosus. In: Moss and Adams heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2001. This is secondary to the immaturity of the ductus.[3]Gittenburger-De Groot AC, van Ertbruggen I, Moulaert AJ, et al. The ductus arteriosus in the preterm infant: histologic and clinical observations. J Pediatr. 1980;96:88-93.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7350322?tool=bestpractice.com
Since the advent of echocardiography, the incidence of PDA in children born at full-term has been reported as approximately 1 to 2 per 1000.[4]Botto LD, Correa A, Erickson JD. Racial and temporal variations in the prevalence of heart defects. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E32.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/3/e32.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230613?tool=bestpractice.com
This estimate is higher than previously thought because it includes clinically silent PDAs.[5]Lloyd TR, Beekman RH III. Clinical silent patent ductus arteriosus. Am Heart J. 1994;127:1664-1665. This higher estimate comes with inclusion of clinically silent PDAs.[5]Lloyd TR, Beekman RH III. Clinical silent patent ductus arteriosus. Am Heart J. 1994;127:1664-1665. There is globally a higher incidence in females as well as in children born at higher altitudes.[6]Rothman KJ, Fyler DC. Sex, birth order, and maternal age characteristics of infants with congenital heart defects. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104:527-534.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/984027?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Miao CY, Zuberbuhler JS, Zuberbuhler JR. Prevalence of congenital cardiac anomalies at high altitude. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:224-228.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379209?tool=bestpractice.com
Research indicates that socioeconomic disparities can delay the diagnosis of PDA and access to care, which, in turn, affects neurodevelopmental outcomes, underscoring the need for addressing these disparities to improve long-term outcomes for affected children.[8]Sood E, Newburger JW, Anixt JS, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes for individuals with congenital heart disease: updates in neuroprotection, risk-stratification, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Mar 26;149(13):e997-1022.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001211
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38385268?tool=bestpractice.com