Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- early general movement abnormalities
- abnormal HINE scores
- delay in motor development
- delay in speech development
- delay in cognitive/intellectual development
- retention of primitive reflexes
- lack of age-appropriate reflexes
- spasticity/clonus
- selective voluntary motor control impairment
- toe walking/knee hyperextension
- scissoring
- crouched gait
- contractures
Other diagnostic factors
- muscle weakness
- joint instability/dislocation
- dystonia
- chorea
- athetosis
- ataxia
- neonatal hypotonia
- scoliosis
Risk factors
- prematurity
- low birth weight
- fetal birth asphyxia
- multiple births
- maternal illness
- fetal brain malformation
- major birth defects
- familial metabolic/genetic disorder
- neonatal complications
- meningitis
- maternal teratogen exposure
- low socioeconomic status
- non-vertex presentation
- postmaturity
- head injury
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- ultrasound/CT brain
- coagulation studies
- genetic testing
- metabolic screen
- x-ray of affected joint
- instrumented gait analysis
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
UCLA/Orthopaedic Institute for Children Center for Cerebral Palsy, null
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
See individual author disclosures.
William L. Oppenheim, MD
Distinguished Professor Emeritus Pediatric Orthopedics
Margaret Jones Kanaar Chair, Cerebral Palsy
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
WLO is an author of several references cited in this topic.
Loretta Staudt, MS, PT
Research Physical Therapist
UCLA/Orthopaedic Institute for Children Center for Cerebral Palsy
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
LS is a clinical evaluator for several sponsored clinical trials as part of her salaried employment at UCLA. She has received travel, meals, and accomodation to attend training meetings for some of these trials but does not receive any direct reimbursements or personal benefits from the companies, which include Pfizer, Sarepta, Audentes Therapeutics, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Biogen, Santhera, Fibrogen, Cytokinetics, Italfarmaco, and AveXis. As part of her salaried employment at UCLA, LS is working on a project funded by the Cerebral Palsy Foundation. She is an author of several references cited in this topic.
Rachel Thompson, MD
Assistant Professor-in-Residence, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Associate Residency Program Director, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director, UCLA/Orthopaedic Institute for Children Center for Cerebral Palsy
William and Patricia Oppenheim Presidential Chair in Pediatric Orthopaedics
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
RT declares that she has no competing interests.
Marcia Greenberg, MS, PT
Physical Therapist
UCLA/Orthopaedic Institute for Children Center for Cerebral Palsy
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
MG is a consultant for the NGO, UCP Wheels for Humanity, teaching physical therapists in developing countries. She is an author of several references cited in this topic.
Eileen Fowler, PhD, PT
Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Director of Research and Education
UCLA/Orthopaedic Institute for Children Center for Cerebral Palsy
Peter William Shapiro Chair
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
EF receives grant funding from the Cerebral Palsy Foundation. She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Cerebral Palsy Foundation. She is an author of several references cited in this topic.
Acknowledgements
Dr William L. Oppenheim, Loretta Staudt, Dr Rachel Thompson, Marcia Greenberg, and Dr Eileen Fowler wish to gratefully acknowledge Dr Albert Stroberg, Dr Erika Hassan, Dr Rebecca Hanson, Dr Joan Earle Hahn, Dr Tien T. Nguyen, and Dr Sarah Copeland, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
AS, EH, RH, JEH, TTN, and SC declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Hank Chambers, MD
Clinical Professor
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of California at San Diego
Medical Affairs Officer
Rady Children's Hospital
San Diego
CA
Disclosures
HC is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. He has received research support from the National Institutes of Health greater than 6 figures USD.
Michael Sussman, MD
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Shriners Hospital for Children
Portland
OR
Disclosures
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Charles Fairhurst, MBBS MSc
Consultant in Paediatric Neurodisability
Evelina Children's Hospital
Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
London
UK
Disclosures
CF declares that he has no competing interests.
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