Hepatocellular carcinoma

Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.Full text  Abstract

Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29 (suppl 4):iv238-55.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):182-236.Full text  Abstract

Su GL, Altayar O, O'Shea R, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2022 Mar;162(3):920-34.Full text  Abstract

Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2024 May 20;42(15):1830-50.Full text  Abstract

1. Baecker A, Liu X, La Vecchia C, et al. Worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma cases attributable to major risk factors. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2018 May;27(3):205-12.Full text  Abstract

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3. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.Full text  Abstract

4. El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology. 2014 Nov;60(5):1767-75.Full text  Abstract

5. White DL, Thrift AP, Kanwal F, et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in all 50 United States, from 2000 through 2012. Gastroenterology. 2017 Mar;152(4):812-20;e5.Full text  Abstract

6. Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29 (suppl 4):iv238-55.Full text  Abstract

7. Vogel A, Martinelli E; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Updated treatment recommendations for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jun;32(6):801-5.Full text  Abstract

8. Tanaka K, Sakai H, Hashizume M, et al. Serum testosterone:estradiol ratio and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma among male cirrhotic patients. Cancer Res. 2000 Sep 15;60(18):5106-10.Full text  Abstract

9. Wang SH, Yeh SH, Lin WH, et al. Identification of androgen response elements in the enhancer I of hepatitis B virus: a mechanism for sex disparity in chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009 Nov;50(5):1392-402.Full text  Abstract

10. Cancer Research UK. Statistics by cancer type: liver cancer. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

11. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: an epidemiologic view. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov-Dec;35(5 suppl 2):S72-8. Abstract

12. Yang JD, Mohamed EA, Aziz AO, et al. Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Africa: a multicountry observational study from the Africa Liver Cancer Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Feb;2(2):103-11.Full text  Abstract

13. McGlynn KA, London WT. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb;19(1):3-23. Abstract

14. Huang DQ, El-Serag HB, Loomba R. Global epidemiology of NAFLD-related HCC: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Apr;18(4):223-38. Abstract

15. Tsukuma H, Hiyama T, Tanaka S, et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 24;328(25):1797-801.Full text  Abstract

16. Yuan JM, Govindarajan S, Arakawa K, et al. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S. Cancer. 2004 Sep 1;101(5):1009-17.Full text  Abstract

17. Edamoto Y, Hara A, Biernat W, et al. Alterations of RB1, p53 and Wnt pathways in hepatocellular carcinomas associated with hepatitis C, hepatitis B and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Int J Cancer. 2003 Sep 1;106(3):334-41. Abstract

18. Bugianesi E, Leone N, Vanni E, et al. Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2002 Jul;123(1):134-40. Abstract

19. Hassan MM, Spitz MR, Thomas MB, et al. The association of family history of liver cancer with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in the United States. J Hepatol. 2009 Feb;50(2):334-41.Full text  Abstract

20. Erstad DJ, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Molecular signatures in hepatocellular carcinoma: a step toward rationally designed cancer therapy. Cancer. 2018 Aug 1;124(15):3084-104.Full text  Abstract

21. Jicai Z, Zongtao Y, Jun L, et al. Persistent infection of hepatitis B virus is involved in high rate of p16 methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Jul;45(7):530-6. Abstract

22. Lv X, Ye G, Zhang X, et al. p16 Methylation was associated with the development, age, hepatic viruses infection of hepatocellular carcinoma, and p16 expression had a poor survival: a systematic meta-analysis (PRISMA). Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Sep;96(38):e8106.Full text  Abstract

23. Kim H, Lee SA, Kim BJ. X region mutations of hepatitis B virus related to clinical severity. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jun 28;22(24):5467-78.Full text  Abstract

24. Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ, et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5):1206-13.Full text  Abstract

25. Levrero M, Zucman-Rossi J. Mechanisms of HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2016 Apr;64(1 suppl):S84-101. Abstract

26. Qi LN, Bai T, Chen ZS, et al. The p53 mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinoma from Guangxi, China : role of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Liver Int. 2015 Mar;35(3):999-1009. Abstract

27. International Working Party. Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions. Hepatology. 1995 Sep;22(3):983-93. Abstract

28. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Hosaka T, et al. Dysplastic nodules frequently develop into hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Cancer. 2006 Feb 1;106(3):636-47.Full text  Abstract

29. Petrick JL, Florio AA, Znaor A, et al. International trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, 1978-2012. Int J Cancer. 2020 Jul 15;147(2):317-30.Full text  Abstract

30. Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: a prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet. 1981 Nov 21;2(8256):1129-33. Abstract

31. Liu CJ, Chen BF, Chen PJ, et al. Role of hepatitis B virus precore/core promoter mutations and serum viral load on noncirrhotic hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. J Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1;194(5):594-9. Abstract

32. Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 18;347(3):168-74.Full text  Abstract

33. Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4;295(1):65-73.Full text  Abstract

34. Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006 Oct;45(4):529-38. Abstract

35. Zarski JP, Bohn B, Bastie A, et al. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses. J Hepatol. 1998 Jan;28(1):27-33. Abstract

36. Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):31-54.Full text  Abstract

37. Hu KQ, Tong MJ. The long-term outcomes of patients with compensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis and history of parenteral exposure in the United States. Hepatology. 1999 Apr;29(4):1311-6. Abstract

38. National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference statement: management of hepatitis C: 2002--June 10-12, 2002. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 suppl 1):S3-20. Abstract

39. Pawlotsky JM. Pathophysiology of hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease. Trends Microbiol. 2004 Feb;12(2):96-102. Abstract

40. Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 suppl 1):S87-96. Abstract

41. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 suppl 1):S27-34. Abstract

42. Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC, et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Jul-Aug;60(4):207-21.Full text  Abstract

43. Qian GS, Ross RK, Yu MC, et al. A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994 Jan-Feb;3(1):3-10.Full text  Abstract

44. dos Santos Silva I, Malveiro F, Jones ME, et al. Mortality after radiological investigation with radioactive Thorotrast: a follow-up study of up to fifty years in Portugal. Radiat Res. 2003 Apr;159(4):521-34. Abstract

45. Asare GA, Mossanda KS, Kew MC, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma caused by iron overload: a possible mechanism of direct hepatocarcinogenicity. Toxicology. 2006 Feb 15;219(1-3):41-52. Abstract

46. El-Zayadi AR. Heavy smoking and liver. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct 14;12(38):6098-101.Full text  Abstract

47. Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Wakai K, et al; Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan. Cigarette smoking and liver cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among Japanese. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul;36(7):445-56.Full text  Abstract

48. Perlmutter DH. Liver injury in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: an aggregated protein induces mitochondrial injury. J Clin Invest. 2002 Dec;110(11):1579-83.Full text  Abstract

49. Baravelli CM, Sandberg S, Aarsand AK, et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda increases risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and premature death: a nationwide cohort study. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2019 Apr 3;14(1):77.Full text  Abstract

50. Gisbert JP, García-Buey L, Alonso A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004 Jul;16(7):689-92. Abstract

51. Suzuki A, Lymp J, Donlinger J, et al. Clinical predictors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Feb;5(2):259-64. Abstract

52. Fung BM, Lindor KD, Tabibian JH. Cancer risk in primary sclerosing cholangitis: epidemiology, prevention, and surveillance strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Feb 14;25(6):659-71.Full text  Abstract

53. Fiel MI, Min A, Gerber MA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in long-term oral contraceptive use. Liver. 1996 Dec;16(6):372-6. Abstract

54. Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, La Spada E, et al. Sex hormones and risk of liver tumor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1089:228-36. Abstract

55. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2018 Aug 22;12(1):33-4.Full text  Abstract

56. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017 Aug;67(2):370-98.Full text  Abstract

57. World Health Organization. Fact sheets: hepatitis C. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

58. Simon TG, Duberg AS, Aleman S, et al. Association of aspirin with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):1018-28.Full text  Abstract

59. Colli A, Nadarevic T, Miletic D, et al. Abdominal ultrasound and alpha-foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD013346.Full text  Abstract

60. Lee CW, Tsai HI, Lee WC, et al. Normal alpha-fetoprotein hepatocellular carcinoma: are they really normal? J Clin Med. 2019 Oct 19;8(10):1736.Full text  Abstract

61. Gupta S, Bent S, Kohlwes J. Test characteristics of alpha-fetoprotein for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C. A systematic review and critical analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Jul 1;139(1):46-50.Full text  Abstract

62. Soresi M, Magliarisi C, Campagna P, et al. Usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003 Mar-Apr;23(2c):1747-53. Abstract

63. Nadarevic T, Giljaca V, Colli A, et al. Computed tomography for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Oct 6;(10):CD013362.Full text  Abstract

64. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatocellular carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

65. Nadarevic T, Colli A, Giljaca V, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 6;(5):CD014798.Full text  Abstract

66. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Mar;101(3):513-23. Abstract

67. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul;130(7):417-22. Abstract

68. Chaudhari VA, Khobragade K, Bhandare M, et al. Management of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct;7(5):51. Abstract

69. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):693-9.Full text  Abstract

70. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology. 2001 Jun;33(6):1394-403.Full text  Abstract

71. Yao FY, Xiao L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: validation of the UCSF-expanded criteria based on preoperative imaging. Am J Transplant. 2007 Nov;7(11):2587-96.Full text  Abstract

72. Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022 Mar;76(3):681-93.Full text  Abstract

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74. Sharma P, Balan V, Hernandez JL, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: the MELD impact. Liver Transpl. 2004 Jan;10(1):36-41.Full text  Abstract

75. Teh SH, Christein J, Donohue J, et al. Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005 Dec;9(9):1207-15. Abstract

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77. Elsayes KM, Kielar AZ, Agrons MM, et al. Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: an expert consensus statement. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2017 Feb 17;4:29-39.Full text  Abstract

78. Singal AG, Pillai A, Tiro J. Early detection, curative treatment, and survival rates for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014 Apr 1;11(4):e1001624.Full text  Abstract

79. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018 May;154(6):1706-18.Full text  Abstract

80. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):182-236.Full text  Abstract

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Quality statement 4: surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. Jun 2017 [internet publication].Full text

82. Tateishi R, Yoshida H, Matsuyama Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Hepatol Int. 2008 Mar;2(1):17-30.Full text  Abstract

83. Papatheodoridis G, Dalekos G, Sypsa V, et al. PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in Caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy. J Hepatol. 2016 Apr;64(4):800-6. Abstract

84. Margarit C, Escartin A, Castells L, et al. Resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a good option in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A patients with cirrhosis who are eligible for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005 Oct;11(10):1242-51.Full text  Abstract

85. Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg. 2002 Mar;235(3):373-82.Full text  Abstract

86. Zhou YM, Shao WY, Zhao YF, et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Jul;56(7):1937-43. Abstract

87. Li N, Wu YR, Wu B, et al. Surgical and oncologic outcomes following laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2012 Jan;42(1):51-9. Abstract

88. Wang Y, Luo Q, Deng S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 3;9(1):e84484.Full text  Abstract

89. Majumdar A, Roccarina D, Thorburn D, et al. Management of people with early- or very early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: an attempted network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 28;(3):CD011650.Full text  Abstract

90. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®. Management of liver cancer. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

91. Facciorusso A, Abd El Aziz MA, Tartaglia N, et al. Microwave ablation versus radiofrequency ablation for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec 16;12(12).Full text  Abstract

92. Dou Z, Lu F, Ren L, et al. Efficacy and safety of microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Jul 29;101(30):e29321.Full text  Abstract

93. Abdalla M, Collings AT, Dirks R, et al. Surgical approach to microwave and radiofrequency liver ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal liver metastases less than 5 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2023 May;37(5):3340-53. Abstract

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95. Zhu B, Wang J, Li H, et al. Living or deceased organ donors in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB (Oxford). 2019 Feb;21(2):133-47.Full text  Abstract

96. Vilgrain, V, Pereira, H, Assenat, E et al; SARAH Trial Group. Efficacy and safety of selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres compared with sorafenib in locally advanced and inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (SARAH): an open-label randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Dec;18(12):1624-36. Abstract

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102. Wang W, Shi J, Xie WF. Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous ablation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2010 May;30(5):741-9. Abstract

103. Sonbol MB, Riaz IB, Naqvi SAA, et al. Systemic therapy and sequencing options in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Dec 1;6(12):e204930.Full text  Abstract

104. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atezolizumab with bevacizumab for treating advanced or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

105. Su GL, Altayar O, O'Shea R, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2022 Mar;162(3):920-34.Full text  Abstract

106. Gordan JD, Kennedy EB, Abou-Alfa GK, et al. Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2024 May 20;42(15):1830-50.Full text  Abstract

107. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 14;382(20):1894-905.Full text  Abstract

108. Li D, Toh HC, Merle P, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: results from older adults enrolled in the IMbrave150 randomized clinical trial. Liver Cancer. 2022 Dec;11(6):558-71.Full text  Abstract

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112. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al; SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 24;359(4):378-90.Full text  Abstract

113. Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009 Jan;10(1):25-34. Abstract

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115. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lenvatinib for untreated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

116. Yau T, Kang YK, Kim TY, et al. Efficacy and safety of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: the CheckMate 040 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Nov 1;6(11):e204564.Full text  Abstract

117. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Jul;19(7):940-52. Abstract

118. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, et al. Cabozantinib in patients with advanced and progressing hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 5;379(1):54-63.Full text  Abstract

119. El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. Lancet. 2017 Jun 24;389(10088):2492-502. Abstract

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121. Finn RS, Ryoo BY, Merle P, et al; KEYNOTE-240 Investigators. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in KEYNOTE-240: a randomized, double-blind, phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jan 20;38(3):193-202.Full text  Abstract

122. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Regorafenib for previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

123. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cabozantinib for previously treated advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Dec 2022 [internet publication]​.Full text

124. Qin S, Li Q, Gu S, et al. Apatinib as second-line or later therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHELP): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul;6(7):559-68. Abstract

125. Qin S, Bi F, Gu S, et al. Donafenib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized, open-label, parallel-controlled phase II-III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Sep 20;39(27):3002-11.Full text  Abstract

126. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in participants with hepatocellular carcinoma. NCT03006926. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

127. Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ib study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Sep 10;38(26):2960-70.Full text  Abstract

128. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of lenvatinib (E7080/MK-7902) in combination with pembrolizumab (MK-3475) versus lenvatinib as first-line therapy in participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (MK-7902-002/E7080-G000-311/LEAP-002). NCT03713593. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

129. Li J, Xing J, Yang Y, et al. Adjuvant 131-I-metuximab for hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jun;5(6):548-60. Abstract

130. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of ET140203 T cells in adults with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (ARYA-1). NCT04502082. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

131. ClinicalTrials.gov. ECT204 T-cell therapy in adults with advanced HCC (ARYA3). NCT04864054. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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