Prognosis

Prognosis depends on the stage of disease at presentation, the histology of the tumour, and the location of the primary tumour.[62] In patients with bronchial carcinoid tumours who have curative surgical resections, the 10-year survival of typical carcinoids is 85%, and of an atypical carcinoid is 35% at 10 years.[63] The risk of recurrence also depends on histology, with 2% recurrence in typical carcinoids and 20% recurrence in atypical carcinoid.[64] Midgut tumours often present with advanced disease, hence the development of carcinoid syndrome. For patients with a mesenteric mass without evidence of hepatic metastases, the 5-year survival from one study was reported to be 91% following surgery for the mesenteric metastases.[65] Patients with distal metastatic disease used to have a 5-year survival of around 50%; however, this has improved to >65%.[66][67] Younger patients (≤50 years) have a more favourable prognosis. Unfavourable factors for survival include carcinoid heart disease, high-grade tumours, and extra-abdominal metastases.

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