Carcinoid syndrome

Staging

Following confirmation of diagnosis and staging of disease using the recommended radiological tests, carcinoid tumours can be staged as localised or metastatic. A proposed staging system has been developed, using the traditional tumour, nodes, and metastases classification, and in 2010 the World Health Organization (WHO) published new pathological staging criteria based on a TNM (tumour, node, metastasis) staging system.[20]Landry CS, Brock G, Scoggins CR, et al. A proposed staging system for rectal carcinoid tumors based on an analysis of 4701 patients. Surgery. 2008 Sep;144(3):460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18707046?tool=bestpractice.com [21]Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al. Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In: Bosman FT, Hruban RH, Theise N, eds. WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system. 4th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010:13-4.