Em pacientes com espondilose cervical sintomática, existem 3 síndromes clínicas principais:
As últimas duas síndromes podem se sobrepor, e ambas incluem graus de dor cervical axial.[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com
A dor cervical pode ser aguda ou crônica e ocorrer com ou sem sintomas neurológicos decorrentes de radiculopatia e/ou mielopatia. É o sintoma mais comum e o de tratamento mais fácil.
As evidências sobre os efeitos de intervenções individuais para essas síndromes clínicas frequentemente são contraditórias por causa da qualidade sofrível dos ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (ECRCs) realizados em diversos grupos e da tendência de serem fornecidas intervenções combinadas.[2]Guzman J, Haldeman S, Carroll LJ, et al. Clinical practice implications of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders: from concepts and findings to recommendations. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 suppl):S227-43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19251069?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Binder AI. Neck pain. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008 [internet publication].
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907992
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19445809?tool=bestpractice.com
[39]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
Dor cervical axial
O tratamento de primeira linha da dor cervical axial aguda (<6 semanas) e não traumática é a fisioterapia, incluindo a tração cervical.[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 28;(1):CD004250.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com
O grau de dor cervical axial pode ser avaliado por medidas de desfecho simples para determinar os efeitos do tratamento subsequente.[32]Cook CE, Richardson JK, Pietrobon R, et al. Validation of the NHANES ADL scale in a sample of patients with report of cervical pain: factor analysis, item response theory analysis, and line item validity. Disabil Rehabil. 2006 Aug 15;28(15):929-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861200?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com
[41]Gross A, Kay TM, Paquin JP, et al. Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 28;(1):CD004250.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004250.pub5/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25629215?tool=bestpractice.com
[42]Pietrobon R, Coeytaux RR, Carey TS, et al. Standard scales for the measurement of functional outcome for cervical pain or dysfunction. Spine. 2002 Mar 1;27(5):515-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880837?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com
Não está claro se informações ao paciente isoladas são úteis para o tratamento.[44]Gross A, Forget M, St George K, et al. Patient education for neck pain. Cochrane Database Systematic Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD005106.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005106.pub4/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419306?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Furlan AD, Yazdi F, Tsertsvadze A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and safety of selected complementary and alternative medicine for neck and low-back pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011 Nov 24;2012:953139.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22203884?tool=bestpractice.com
Tratamentos complementares e alternativos demonstram eficácia mínima em longo prazo.[46]Furlan JC, Kalsi-Ryan S, Kailaya-Vasan A, et al. Functional and clinical outcomes following surgical treatment in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a prospective study of 81 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011 Mar;14(3):348-55.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21235299?tool=bestpractice.com
Dependendo da intensidade da dor, a utilização adicional de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) pode ser benéfica em determinados pacientes.[39]Hegmann KT. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Occupational medicine practice guidelines: evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM); 2011.
Se o espasmo muscular for uma característica da dor, relaxantes musculares e manobras (incluindo calor, massagem e almofadas cervicais) podem ser benéficos em alguns pacientes.[14]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011 Feb;16(1):53-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com
A adição de injeções no ponto gatilho e/ou nas facetas articulares e as unidades de estimulação elétrica transcutânea do nervo (TENS) também podem ser benéficas, mas não há evidências de alta qualidade.[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Mazanec D, Reddy A. Medical management of cervical spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 2007 Jan;60(1 suppl 1):S43-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204885?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Falco FJ, Erhart S, Wargo BW, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic utility and therapeutic effectiveness of cervical facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2009 Mar-Apr;12(2):323-44.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19305483?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 26;(8):CD004251.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com
[50]Martimbianco ALC, Porfírio GJ, Pacheco RL, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 12;(12):CD011927.
https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011927.pub2
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31830313?tool=bestpractice.com
As modalidades de tratamento adicionais incluem várias formas de injeção epidural cervical, tratamento quiroprático, acupuntura e outras abordagens menos ortodoxas, particularmente eletroterapia, laserterapia e terapia de manipulação da coluna cervical.[14]Salt E, Wright C, Kelly S, Dean A. A systematic literature review on the effectiveness of non-invasive therapy for cervicobrachial pain. Man Ther. 2011 Feb;16(1):53-65.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21075037?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009 Aug;9(8):690-703.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com
[40]Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, et al. Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Spine. 2002 Nov 1;27(21):2383-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438988?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Graham N, Gross A, Goldsmith CH, et al. Mechanical traction for neck pain with or without radiculopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD006408.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006408.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646151?tool=bestpractice.com
[48]Kroeling P, Gross A, Graham N, et al. Electrotherapy for neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 26;(8):CD004251.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004251.pub5/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23979926?tool=bestpractice.com
[49]Chow RT, Johnson MI, Lopes-Martins RA, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials. Lancet. 2009 Dec 5;374(9705):1897-908.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913903?tool=bestpractice.com
[51]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002 Dec 15;13(6):ecp1.
https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):137-57.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com
[53]Canadian Chiropractic Association; Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Education Boards. Clinical practice guideline for the chiropractic treatment of adults with neck pain. March 2014 [internet publication].[54]Fu LM, Li JT, Wu WS. Randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Feb;15(2):133-45.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216662?tool=bestpractice.com
Essas terapias podem acarretar riscos adicionais, e os resultados não dão suporte ao tratamento para a dor cervical axial.[51]Malone D, Baldwin NG, Tomecek FJ, et al. Complications of cervical spine manipulation therapy: 5-year retrospective study in a single-group practice. Neurosurg Focus. 2002 Dec 15;13(6):ecp1.
https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/foc.2002.13.6.8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15766233?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E405-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
Todos esses tratamentos são sintomáticos, para aliviar partes específicas das queixas do paciente, e nenhum deles tem qualquer efeito sobre a espondilose cervical subjacente ou afeta a natureza em longo prazo das alterações degenerativas cervicais. Pouquíssimos tratamentos têm qualquer efeito além de 6 semanas.[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
A dor cervical crônica (>6 semanas) pode ser controlada mediante a continuação desses tratamentos sintomáticos se atenuarem o desconforto do paciente. A dor cervical axial está começando a receber consideração para artroplastia cervical, embora esse procedimento ainda não seja aprovado para dor cervical axial isolada por organizações como o Food and Drug Administration dos EUA.[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Burkus JK, Haid RW, Traynelis VC, et al. Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical disc replacement with the Prestige disc: results from a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010 Sep;13(3):308-18.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809722?tool=bestpractice.com
Os médicos devem solicitar aos especialistas locais as indicações para o procedimento em sua região. Em geral, a cirurgia não é útil para o tratamento da dor cervical, mas a evidência é de baixa qualidade.[57]van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Ostelo R, et al. Surgery versus conservative care for neck pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2013 Jan;22(1):87-95.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23104514?tool=bestpractice.com
Radiculopatia espondilótica cervical
A dor irradiada no braço pode ser intensa e é inicialmente controlada com analgesia por via oral combinada com fisioterapia e tração cervical.[7]Binder AI. Cervical spondylosis and neck pain. BMJ. 2007 Mar 10;334(7592):527-31.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17347239?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
Normalmente, os AINEs são usados como tratamento de primeira linha, com escalação para opioides caso a dor do paciente continue fora de controle. A corticoterapia oral também pode beneficiar determinados pacientes.[21]Gross AR, Goldsmith C, Hoving JL, et al.; Cervical Overview Group. Conservative management of mechanical neck disorders: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2007 May;34(5):1083-102.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17295434?tool=bestpractice.com
Uma vez que inicialmente os pacientes têm dor intensa, sugere-se uma combinação desses tratamentos no início para reduzir a irritação do nervo.[24]Bono CM, Ghiselli G, Gilbert TJ, et al; North American Spine Society. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. Spine J. 2011 Jan;11(1):64-72.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168100?tool=bestpractice.com
Dependendo do cronograma e do desfecho desses tratamentos iniciais, terapias mais invasivas subsequentes podem consistir em corticosteroides epidurais ou bloqueio da raiz nervosa cervical no nível suspeito, para manter um efeito positivo dos corticosteroides orais.[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com
[28]Levin JH. Prospective, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials in interventional spine: what the highest quality literature tells us. Spine J. 2009 Aug;9(8):690-703.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18789773?tool=bestpractice.com
[52]Benyamin RM, Singh V, Parr AT, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of cervical epidurals in the management of chronic neck pain. Pain Physician. 2009 Jan-Feb;12(1):137-57.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165300?tool=bestpractice.com
[55]Diwan S, Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, et al. Effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in the management of chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E405-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828692?tool=bestpractice.com
Na maioria dos pacientes (cerca de 75%), a dor intensa no braço cederá espontaneamente por 4 a 6 semanas. A dor finalmente remite com medidas conservadoras, mas pode demorar de 1 a 2 anos para desaparecer completamente.[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Persson LC, Lilja A. Pain, coping, emotional state and physical function in patients with chronic radicular neck pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2001 May 20;23(8):325-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374522?tool=bestpractice.com
Se a dor não remitir e se todos os sintomas, sinais e estudos diagnósticos convergirem para indicar a presença de pressão sobre uma raiz nervosa única, então a descompressão cirúrgica do nervo pode ser útil.[16]Rao RD, Currier BL, Albert TJ, et al. Degenerative cervical spondylosis: clinical syndromes, pathogenesis and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun;89(6):1360-78.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17575617?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]Van Zundert J, Huntoon M, Patijn J, et al. 4. Cervical radicular pain. Pain Pract. 2010 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-17.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19807874?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.
https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
Há uma variedade de abordagens cirúrgicas para a descompressão dos nervos. A discectomia cervical anterior com fusão (DCAF) ou os procedimentos de descompressão do nervo posterior são geralmente selecionados com base nos sintomas do paciente, número de níveis de comprometimento e anatomia específica observada por ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cervical. Geralmente, são necessários, no mínimo, 2 a 3 meses de terapia conservadora. Pelo fato de a fraqueza significativa ou a alteração neurológica ser raramente associada à radiculopatia, a decisão primária para considerar a descompressão cirúrgica é o grau subjetivo da dor do paciente e a importância funcional do desconforto.
Outra abordagem é a artroplastia cervical, em que se aplica um disco artificial em vez de um enxerto ósseo e placa, para evitar uma fusão e reter o movimento; vários estudos randomizados foram realizados, mas esses procedimentos ainda não são aplicados rotineiramente em todos os lugares.[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com
Apesar desses vários estudos randomizados, ainda não existe uma clara evidência de que a artroplastia é mais eficaz para o alívio da dor radicular no braço com artroplastia comparado com discectomia cervical anterior com fusão. No entanto, apesar de ainda não haver dados claros sobre a prevenção da estenose do segmento adjacente ao longo do tempo, a artroplastia pode fornecer uma taxa menor de nova operação comparado com discectomia cervical anterior com fusão.[60]Gao F, Mao T, Sun W, et al. An updated meta-analysis comparing artificial cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Dec;40(23):1816-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571063?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Janssen ME, Zigler JE, Spivak JM, et al. ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized US Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Nov 4;97(21):1738-47.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537161?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Shriver MF, Lubelski D, Sharma AM, et al. Adjacent segment degeneration and disease following cervical arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J. 2016 Feb;16(2):168-81.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26515401?tool=bestpractice.com
Mielopatia cervical degenerativa
A descompressão cirúrgica é o tratamento agudo de primeira linha preferido para pacientes com sintomas moderados a graves que são bons candidatos à cirurgia, embora dois ECRCs não tenham mostrado nenhum benefício em curto prazo para a mielopatia leve a moderada.[13]Rao RD, Gourab K, David KS. Operative treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Surg Am. 2006 Jul;88(7):1619-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818991?tool=bestpractice.com
[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com
[30]Fehlings MG, Tetreault LA, Riew KD, et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy: recommendations for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease and nonmyelopathic patients with evidence of cord compression. Global Spine J. 2017 Sep;7(3 suppl):70S-83S.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5684840
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29164035?tool=bestpractice.com
Geralmente, o tratamento adequado da doença articular degenerativa (DAD) subjacente grave requer fusão ou imobilização dos segmentos, o que causa perda da amplitude de movimento da coluna cervical.[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.
https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
Com abordagens anteriores, os segmentos adjacentes frequentemente desenvolvem uma DAD ao longo do tempo, causando estenose do segmento adjacente. Com abordagens posteriores, pode haver instabilidade (após a laminectomia isolada) ou perda quase completa da amplitude de movimento cervical, com a típica fusão posterior extensa necessária. Além disso, a cirurgia de descompressão tipicamente só estabiliza a função da medula espinhal (apenas com uma leve melhora dos sintomas), pois geralmente existe um dano permanente à medula espinhal, no momento da cirurgia. A tendência é, consequentemente, direcionada à cirurgia precoce, enquanto o paciente tem mais chances de retornar à função normal, ou à cirurgia enquanto o paciente está assintomático.[10]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006 Nov-Dec;6(6 suppl):175S-81S.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com
[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com
[29]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):47-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.
https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
O tratamento conservador consiste em imobilização em um colar cervical rígido.[10]Matz PG. Does nonoperative management play a role in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy? Spine J. 2006 Nov-Dec;6(6 suppl):175S-81S.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097536?tool=bestpractice.com
Esse é o tratamento preferencial para os pacientes que não são bons candidatos à cirurgia. Em alguns países, embora não em todos, também é usado em pessoas que apresentam sintomas leves e crônicos. Este tratamento conservador foi demonstrado na mielopatia leve a moderada como sendo equivalente (mais de 1 a 3 anos) à descompressão cirúrgica.[27]Nikolaidis I, Fouyas IP, Sandercock PA, et al. Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD001466.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001466.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091520?tool=bestpractice.com
Não existem tratamentos medicamentosos em longo prazo que sejam úteis no controle da mielopatia cervical degenerativa; corticosteroides de curta duração podem ser utilizados como ponte antes da possível descompressão cirúrgica, mas por <2 semanas por conta de seu perfil de efeitos colaterais.
O tratamento cirúrgico de todos os níveis de mielopatia cervical é considerado o padrão de atendimento em alguns países, apoiando evidências de um estudo multicêntrico prospectivo.[25]Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Guidelines for the surgical management of cervical degenerative disease. 2009 [internet publication].[59]North American Spine Society. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. 2010 [internet publication}.
https://www.spine.org/Documents/ResearchClinicalCare/Guidelines/CervicalRadiculopathy.pdf
[63]Fehlings MG, Wilson JR, Kopjar B, et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical decompression in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy: results of the AOSpine North America prospective multi-center study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Sep 18;95(18):1651-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048552?tool=bestpractice.com
Portanto, a descompressão cirúrgica geralmente é oferecida aos pacientes na apresentação, embora haja uma variabilidade entre cirurgiões. Devido a esse viés e à preocupação de que os pacientes possam sofrer deterioração irreversível se a descompressão cirúrgica for protelada, é muito improvável a realização de qualquer ensaio cirúrgico randomizado sobre a mielopatia cervical.[29]Benatar M. Clinical equipoise and treatment decisions in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):47-52.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352346?tool=bestpractice.com