Differentials
Agoraphobia
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
Fear of situations in which escape is perceived to be difficult or help might not be available in the event of panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms (e.g., incontinence or vertigo).
INVESTIGATIONS
Structured clinical interview.
Panic disorder
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with accompanying fear of additional panic attacks or their imagined consequences (e.g., heart attack, fainting, or loss of control). Patients usually avoid situations in which panic is perceived to be more likely (e.g., intense heat or physical exercise).
INVESTIGATIONS
Structured clinical interview.
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
Fears involve concerns over being embarrassed and/or negatively evaluated by others.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 introduced the alternate diagnostic label of social anxiety disorder to help reduce confusion over the use of the term "phobia".
INVESTIGATIONS
Structured clinical interview.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
Onset follows exposure to a trauma. Fears involve stimuli associated with the trauma. Patients describe symptoms of re-experiencing (intrusive memories, nightmares, or flashbacks), avoidance of anything that reminds them of the trauma, and hyperarousal. Emotional numbing is common.
INVESTIGATIONS
Structured clinical interview.
Separation anxiety disorder
SIGNS / SYMPTOMS
Fears involve perceived separations from family members.
INVESTIGATIONS
Structured clinical interview.
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