Primary prevention
Patients should be asked about current smoking status (including e-cigarettes and vaping products) on each presentation to medical care. Smokers should be educated about the health risks of smoking and advised to quit. Multiple options (nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic) are available to assist patients with smoking cessation.[41]
The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends smokers be directed to approved pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The USPSTF found insufficient evidence on the use of e-cigarettes for tobacco smoking cessation in adults and concluded that the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.[42]
Vitamin supplements
One systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found no beneficial effect of vitamin supplements for the prevention of lung cancer and lung cancer mortality.[43]
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The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends against the use of beta carotene or vitamin E supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer, as well as concluding that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the use of multivitamin supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer.[44]
Secondary prevention
Smoking cessation should be encouraged, even in patients with established lung cancer. There is evidence that there is a survival benefit in all lung cancer patient groups in those who stop smoking, and (especially where long-term survival is the aim of treatment, as in surgical resection) this should be considered an essential element of the management.[292][293]
Supportive therapies
US guidelines recommend integrative approaches to managing anxiety and depression symptoms in adults living with cancer (e.g., acupuncture, mindfulness-based interventions, yoga, relaxation, music therapy, reflexology, aromatherapy, tai chi, qigong).[294]
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