Toxoplasmosis

Maldonado YA, Read JS, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States. Pediatrics. 2017 Feb;139(2):e20163860.Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - toxoplasmosis. May 2023​ [internet publication].Full text

Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Hoz RM La, Morris MI; Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Tissue and blood protozoa including toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, Babesia, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, and Naegleria in solid organ transplant recipients - guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13546. Abstract

Desmonts G. Couvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Eng J Med. 1974 May 16;290(20):1110-6. Abstract

Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV. Aug 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

McLeod R, Boyer K, Karrison T, et al. Outcome of treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: the National Collaborative Chicago-Based, Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;42(10):1383-94. Abstract

Pradhan E, Bhandari S, Gilbert RE, et al. Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 20;(5):CD002218.Full text  Abstract

1. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2000 Nov;30(12-13):1217-58.Full text  Abstract

2. Howe D, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis. 1995 Dec;172(6):1561-6. Abstract

3. Zhou P, Zhang H, Lin RQ, et al. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from China. Parasitol Int. 2009 Jun;58(2):193-5. Abstract

4. Ferreira Ade M, Vitor RW, Gazzinelli RT, et al. Genetic analysis of natural recombinant Brazilian Toxoplasma gondii strains by multilocus PCR-RFLP. Infect Genet Evol. 2006 Jan;6(1):22-31. Abstract

5. Boughattas S, Ben-Abdallah R, Siala E, et al. Direct genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in Tunisia (North Africa). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Jun;82(6):1041-6.Full text  Abstract

6. Rostami A, Riahi SM, Gamble HR, et al. Global prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jun;26(6):673-83.Full text  Abstract

7. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Rivera H, et al. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in the United States 2009-2010 and comparison with the past two decades. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Jun;90(6):1135-9. Abstract

8. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Elder S, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 2011-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Feb;98(2):551-7.Full text  Abstract

9. Nogareda F, Le Strat Y, Villena I, et al. Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in women in France, 1980-2020: model-based estimation. Epidemiol Infect. 2014 Aug;142(8):1661-70.Full text  Abstract

10. Petersen E. Epidemiology, diagnostics, and chemotherapy. In: Ajioka JW, Soldati D, eds. Toxoplasma molecular and cellular biology. Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience; 2007:chapter 3.

11. Maldonado YA, Read JS, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States. Pediatrics. 2017 Feb;139(2):e20163860.Full text

12. McCall J, Rothfeldt L, Giesbrecht K, et al. Public health surveillance and reporting for human toxoplasmosis - six states, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Jul 15;71(28):889-93.Full text  Abstract

13. Jones JL, Dargelas V, Roberts J, et al. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Sep 15;49(6):878-84. Abstract

14. Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA. Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Apr;11(2):267-99.Full text  Abstract

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - toxoplasmosis. May 2023​ [internet publication].Full text

16. Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 2004 Jun 12;363(9425):1965-76. Abstract

17. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, et al. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics. 1980 Nov;66(5):767-74. Abstract

18. Campbell AL, Goldberg CL, Magid MS, et al. First case of toxoplasmosis following small bowel transplantation and systematic review of tissue-invasive toxoplasmosis following noncardiac solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2006 Feb 15;81(3):408-17. Abstract

19. Goldszmid RS, Bafica A, Jankovic D, et al. TAP-1 indirectly regulates CD4+ T cell priming in Toxoplasma gondii infection by controlling NK cell IFN-gamma production. J Exp Med. 2007 Oct 29;204(11):2591-602.Full text  Abstract

20. Liu CH, Fan YT, Dias A, et al. Cutting edge: dendritic cells are essential for in vivo IL-12 production and development of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. J Immunol. 2006 Jul 1;177(1):31-5.Full text  Abstract

21. Perona-Wright G, Mohrs K, Szaba FM, et al. Systemic but not local infections elicit immunosuppressive IL-10 production by natural killer cells. Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Dec 17;6(6):503-12.Full text  Abstract

22. Hunter CA, Lieberman LA, Mason N, et al. Costimulation in resistance to infection and development of immune pathology: lessons from toxoplasma. Immunol Res. 2003;27(2-3):331-40. Abstract

23. Adams LB, Hibbs JB Jr, Taintor RR, et al. Microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for Toxoplasma gondii. Role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine. J Immunol. 1990 Apr 1;144(7):2725-9. Abstract

24. Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

25. Hoz RM La, Morris MI; Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Tissue and blood protozoa including toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, Babesia, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, and Naegleria in solid organ transplant recipients - guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13546. Abstract

26. Martino R, Bretagne S, Einsele H, et al. Early detection of Toxoplasma infection by molecular monitoring of Toxoplasma gondii in peripheral blood samples after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):67-78.Full text  Abstract

27. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. ​Toxoplasma prevention before you become pregnant (food safety for moms-to-be). Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text

28. Desmonts G. Couvreur J. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Eng J Med. 1974 May 16;290(20):1110-6. Abstract

29. Dunn D, Wallon M, Peyron F, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of toxoplasmosis: risk estimates for clinical counseling. Lancet. 1999 May 29;353(9167):1829-33. Abstract

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Toxoplasmosis: ​preventing toxoplasmosis. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

31. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 151: cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Jun 2015 [internet publication].Full text

32. Chapey E, Wallon M, Debize G, et al. Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by using a whole-blood gamma interferon release assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Jan;48(1):41-5.Full text  Abstract

33. Hoffmann C, Ernst M, Meyer P, et al. Evolving characteristics of toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1: clinical course and Toxoplasma gondii-specific immune responses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 May;13(5):510-5.Full text  Abstract

34. Palanisamy M, Madhavan B, Balasundaram MB, et al. Outbreak of ocular toxoplasmosis in Coimbatore, India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2006 Jun;54(2):129-31.Full text  Abstract

35. Gomez CA, Sahoo MK, Kahn GY, et al. Dual-target, real-time PCR for the diagnosis of intraocular Toxoplasma gondii infections. Br J Ophthalmol. 2019 Apr;103(4):569-72.Full text  Abstract

36. Lyons MR, Arantes T, Vieira BR, et al. Impact of gender on clinical features and outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2024 May 21;108(5):710-4. Abstract

37. Boyer KM, Remington JS, McLeod R. Toxoplasmosis. In: Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, et al, eds. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:chapter 222.

38. Remington JS, Thulliez P, Montoya JG. Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Mar;42(3):941-5.Full text  Abstract

39. Cinque P, Scarpellini P, Vago L, et al. Diagnosis of central nervous system complications in HIV-infected patients: cerebrospinal fluid analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. AIDS. 1997 Jan;11(1):1-17. Abstract

40. Robert-Gangneux F, Sterkers Y, Yera H, et al. Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients: a 3-year multicenter retrospective study. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 May;53(5):1677-84. Abstract

41. Thompson MA, Horberg MA, Agwu AL, et al. Primary care guidance for persons with human immunodeficiency virus: 2020 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 6;ciaa1391.Full text  Abstract

42. Zufferey J, Sugar A, Rudaz P, et al. Prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis and serologic diagnosis of active infection in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;12(8):591-5. Abstract

43. Zangerle R, Allerberger F, Pohl P, et al. High risk of developing toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1991;180(2):59-66. Abstract

44. US Department of Health and Human Services, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network; United Network for Organ Sharing. Position statement: improving post-transplant communication of new donor information. Mar 2016 [internet publication].Full text

45. Derouin F, Pelloux H, ESCMID Study Group on Clinical Parasitology. Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Dec;14(12):1089-101.Full text  Abstract

46. Aerts R, Mehra V, Groll AH, et al. Guidelines for the management of Toxoplasma gondii infection and disease in patients with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: guidelines from the 9th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia, 2022. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024 May;24(5):e291-306. Abstract

47. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG guidelines at a glance: key points about 4 perinatal infections. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text

48. Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1858-63. Abstract

49. Department of Health and Human Services, Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV. Aug 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

50. Daffos F, Forestier F, Capella-Pavlovsky M, et al. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med. 1988 Feb 4;318(5):271-5. Abstract

51. Peyron F, L'ollivier C, Mandelbrot L, et al. Maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis: diagnosis and treatment recommendations of a French Multidisciplinary Working Group. Pathogens. 2019 Feb 18;8(1):24.Full text  Abstract

52. Mandelbrot L, Kieffer F, Sitta R, et al. Prenatal therapy with pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine vs spiramycin to reduce placental transmission of toxoplasmosis: a multicenter, randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Oct;219(4):386.e1-386.e9. Abstract

53. Khalil A, Sotiriadis A, Chaoui R, et al. ISUOG practice guidelines: role of ultrasound in congenital infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul;56(1):128-51.Full text  Abstract

54. Brown ED, Chau JK, Atashband S, et al. A systematic review of neonatal toxoplasmosis exposure and sensorineural hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 May;73(5):707-11. Abstract

55. McLeod R, Boyer K, Karrison T, et al. Outcome of treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: the National Collaborative Chicago-Based, Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 15;42(10):1383-94. Abstract

56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Toxoplasmosis: clinical care of toxoplasmosis. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

57. Pradhan E, Bhandari S, Gilbert RE, et al. Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 20;(5):CD002218.Full text  Abstract

58. Jasper S, Vedula SS, John SS, et al. Corticosteroids as adjuvant therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 26;(1):CD007417.Full text  Abstract

59. Stanford MR, See SE, Jones LV, et al. Antibiotics for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology. 2003 May;110(5):926-31;quiz 931-2. Abstract

60. Silveira C, Belfort R, Muccioli C, et al. The effect of long-term intermittent trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment on recurrences of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;134(1):41-6. Abstract

61. Kim SJ, Scott IU, Brown GC, et al. Interventions for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2013 Feb;120(2):371-8. Abstract

62. Soheilian M, Sadoughi MM, Ghajarnia M, et al. Prospective randomized trial of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ophthalmology. 2005 Nov;112(11):1876-82. Abstract

63. Sobrin L, Kump LI, Foster CS. Intravitreal clindamycin for toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina. 2007 Sep;27(7):952-7. Abstract

64. Bosch-Driessen LH, Verbraak FD, Suttorp-Schulten MS, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of pyrimethamine and azithromycin vs pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;134(1):34-40. Abstract

65. Baharivand N, Mahdavifard A, Fouladi RF, et al. Intravitreal clindamycin plus dexamethasone versus classic oral therapy in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Int Ophthalmol. 2013 Feb;33(1):39-46. Abstract

66. Felix JP, Lira RP, Zacchia RS, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus placebo to reduce the risk of recurrences of toxoplasma gondii retinochoroiditis: randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014 Apr;157(4):762-66;e1. Abstract

67. Wallon M, Peyron F, Cornu C, et al. Congenital toxoplasma infection: monthly prenatal screening decreases transmission rate and improves clinical outcome at age 3 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 May;56(9):1223-31. Abstract