Other presentations
There are a wide variety of clinical presentations due to adverse drug reactions (non-allergic reactions), including, for example: brown discoloration of the nails, particularly affecting the thumbs, caused by a 15-day course of doxycycline;[13]Akcam M, Artan R, Akcam FZ, et al. Nail discoloration induced by doxycycline. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 Sep;24(9):845-6.
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/fulltext/2005/09000/nail_discoloration_induced_by_doxycycline.25.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148859?tool=bestpractice.com
and a blue-grey discoloration of the face and other exposed areas, caused by amiodarone taken for 3 years. In the latter case study, protected areas, such as the forehead by a broad-brimmed hat and the skin under a wrist watch, were not affected.[14]Rogers KC, Wolfe DA. Amiodarone-induced blue-gray syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2000 Sep;34(9):1075.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10981256?tool=bestpractice.com
A high incidence of rashes in patients with cancers has been reported in those taking tyrosine kinase inhibitors including erlotinib, nilotinib, and vandetanib, and an increased risk of hand-foot skin reaction (palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia) has been reported in patients taking vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors including sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, and axitinib.[15]Jia Y, Lacouture ME, Su X, et al. Risk of skin rash associated with erlotinib in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Support Oncol. 2009 Nov-Dec;7(6):211-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20380328?tool=bestpractice.com
[16]Drucker AM, Wu S, Busam KJ, et al. Rash with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors nilotinib and dasatinib: meta-analysis and clinical characterization. Eur J Haematol. 2013 Feb;90(2):142-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240881?tool=bestpractice.com
[17]Rosen AC, Wu S, Damse A, et al. Risk of rash in cancer patients treated with vandetanib: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr;97(4):1125-33.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/4/1125/2833181
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22378813?tool=bestpractice.com
[18]Fischer A, Wu S, Ho AL, et al. The risk of hand-foot skin reaction to axitinib, a novel VEGF inhibitor: a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Invest New Drugs. 2013 Jun;31(3):787-97.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345001?tool=bestpractice.com
[19]Chu D, Lacouture ME, Weiner E, et al. Risk of hand-foot skin reaction with the multitargeted kinase inhibitor sunitinib in patients with renal cell and non-renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2009 Jan;7(1):11-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213662?tool=bestpractice.com
The risk of rash is also high in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients taking the HER2/neu receptor antagonist pertuzumab, and for ipilimumab, which is used for melanoma.[20]Minkis K, Garden BC, Wu S, et al. The risk of rash associated with ipilimumab in patients with cancer: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Sep;69(3):e121-8.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357570?tool=bestpractice.com
[21]Drucker AM, Wu S, Dang CT, et al. Risk of rash with the anti-HER2 dimerization antibody pertuzumab: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Sep;135(2):347-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782294?tool=bestpractice.com
Psoriasis, either de novo or worsened, can occur paradoxically with beta-blockers and TNF-alpha inhibitors.[22]Fiorino G, Allez M, Malesci A, et al. Review article: anti TNF-alpha induced psoriasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 May 1;29(9):921-7.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03955.x/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210297?tool=bestpractice.com
Acne-like rashes have been reported in patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists, such as cetuximab.[23]Su X, Lacouture ME, Jia Y, et al. Risk of high-grade skin rash in cancer patients treated with cetuximab: an antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor: systemic review and meta-analysis. Oncology. 2009;77(2):124-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19622903?tool=bestpractice.com