Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic condition with a relapsing and remitting course. Anogenital LS in women is not curable but can be maintained with appropriate medical therapies. In some cases of penile LS, the condition may be curable with early circumcision. Due to the chronic relapsing nature of anogenital LS, once disease control is achieved, it is important to consider long-term maintenance therapy, with outpatient follow-up frequency and duration tailored to the individual patient.[35]Lewis FM, Tatnall FM, Velangi SS, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus, 2018. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Apr;178(4):839-53.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16241
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29313888?tool=bestpractice.com
[82]Lee A, Bradford J, Fischer G. Long-term management of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus: a prospective cohort study of 507 women. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1061-7.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070005?tool=bestpractice.com
For patients with more chronic or severe disease processes, while initial symptom control can be achieved with topical corticosteroids, long-term complications include scarring, dyspareunia, urinary tract complications, and pain syndromes. These complications should be adequately addressed in addition to maintaining therapies for underlying inflammation; the patient may require multimodal therapy, including topical therapies, systemic therapies, pelvic floor physiotherapy, and in some cases, surgical intervention.[82]Lee A, Bradford J, Fischer G. Long-term management of adult vulvar lichen sclerosus: a prospective cohort study of 507 women. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1061-7.
https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26070005?tool=bestpractice.com
[102]Krapf JM, Mitchell L, Holton MA, et al. Vulvar lichen sclerosus: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2020;12:11-20.
https://www.doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S191200
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32021489?tool=bestpractice.com
Studies have shown that LS in girls may have a more chronic course than previously thought.[88]Boero V, Cavalli R, Caia C, et al. Pediatric vulvar lichen sclerosus: does it resolve or does it persist after menarche? Pediatr Dermatol. 2023 May-Jun;40(3):472-5.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/pde.15308
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36998082?tool=bestpractice.com
[103]Morrel B, van der Avoort IAM, Ewing-Graham PC, et al. Long-term consequences of juvenile vulvar lichen sclerosus: a cohort study of adults with a histologically confirmed diagnosis in childhood or adolescence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Nov;102(11):1469-78.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/aogs.14668
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37632250?tool=bestpractice.com
One observational retrospective study of 31 prepubertal girls diagnosed with LS who were followed up for clinical evaluation following menarche found that 58% still had symptomatic disease and a further 26% had persistent clinical signs of LS despite being asymptomatic.[88]Boero V, Cavalli R, Caia C, et al. Pediatric vulvar lichen sclerosus: does it resolve or does it persist after menarche? Pediatr Dermatol. 2023 May-Jun;40(3):472-5.
https://www.doi.org/10.1111/pde.15308
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36998082?tool=bestpractice.com