References
Key articles
Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, et al. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2018 Jul 14;392(10142):175-86. Abstract
Barr W, Smith A. Acute diarrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Feb 1;89(3):180-9. Abstract
Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Thielman NM, Guerrant RL. Clinical practice: acute infectious diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 1;350(1):38-47. Abstract
2. Department of Health; The Second Infectious Intestinal Disease Study; Food Standards Agency. The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community (IID2 study): final report. 2012 [internet publication].Full text
3. Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, et al. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2018 Jul 14;392(10142):175-86. Abstract
4. Wilhelmi I, Roman E, Sanchez-Fauquier A. Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Apr;9(4):247-62.Full text Abstract
5. Blutt SE, Kirkwood CD, Parreno V, et al. Rotavirus antigenaemia and viraemia: a common event? Lancet. 2003 Nov 1;362(9394):1445-9. Abstract
6. MacCannell T, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, et al. Guideline for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011 Oct;32(10):939-69.Full text Abstract
7. Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Lopman B, et al. Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: updated norovirus outbreak management and disease prevention guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 Mar 4;60(RR-3):1-18.Full text Abstract
8. Ball JM, Tian P, Zeng CQ, et al. Age-dependent diarrhea induced by a rotaviral nonstructural glycoprotein. Science. 1996 Apr 5;272(5258):101-4. Abstract
9. Fankhauser RL, Monroe SS, Noel JS, et al. Epidemiologic and molecular trends of "Norwalk-like viruses" associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2002 Jul 1;186(1):1-7.Full text Abstract
10. Health Protection Scotland. General information to prepare for and manage norovirus in care settings. September 2016 [internet publication].Full text
11. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Integrated multiplex PCR tests for identifying gastrointestinal pathogens in people with suspected gastroenteritis (xTAG Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel, FilmArray GI Panel and Faecal Pathogens B assay). January 2017 [internet publication].Full text
12. Health Protection Scotland. Norovirus information for patients and their relatives and carers. April 2013 [internet publication].Full text
13. Barr W, Smith A. Acute diarrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Feb 1;89(3):180-9. Abstract
14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
15. Public Health England. UK standards for microbiology investigations. Gastroenteritis. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text
16. World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
17. Farthing M, Salam MA, Lindberg G, et al. Acute diarrhea in adults and children: a global perspective. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan;47(1):12-20. Abstract
18. Bresee JS, Marcus R, Venezia RA, et al. The etiology of severe acute gastroenteritis among adults visiting emergency departments in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2012 May;205(9):1374-81.Full text Abstract
19. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text Abstract
20. Public Health England. Rotavirus: guidance, data and analysis. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text
21. Oka T, Wang Q, Katayama K, et al. Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jan;28(1):32-53.Full text Abstract
22. Wingate D, Phillips SF, Lewis SJ, et al. Guidelines for adults on self-medication for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;15(6):773-82.Full text Abstract
23. British Infection Association; Healthcare Infection Society; Health Protection Agency; Infection Prevention Society; National Concern for Healthcare Infections; NHS Confederation. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. March 2012 [internet publication].Full text
24. Tulewicz-Marti E, Moniuszko A, Rydzewska G. Management of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a challenge in everyday clinical practice. Prz Gastroenterol. 2017;12(4):239-43.Full text Abstract
25. Dundas S, Todd WTA. Acute diarrhoea and fever. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2006;36:236-40.Full text
26. British National Formulary. Fluids and electrolytes [internet publication].Full text
27. Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al. Effect of intravenous fluid treatment with a balanced solution vs 0.9% saline solution on mortality in critically ill patients: The BaSICS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021 Aug 10;326(9): 1–12.Full text Abstract
28. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 3;386(9):815-26. Abstract
29. Hammond DA, Lam SW, Rech MA, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2020 Jan;54(1):5-13.Full text Abstract
30. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: The SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1701-10.Full text Abstract
31. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39.Full text Abstract
32. Antequera Martín AM, Barea Mendoza JA, Muriel A, et al. Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 19;(7):CD012247.Full text Abstract
33. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Metoclopramide: risk of neurological adverse effects. December 2014 [internet publication].Full text
34. Koo HL, Koo DC, Musher DM, et al. Antimotility agents for the treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 1;48(5):598-605.Full text Abstract
35. Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 8;(12):CD003048.Full text Abstract
36. Shariati A, Fallah F, Pormohammad A, et al. The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome. J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):8550-69. Abstract
37. Hübner NO, Hübner C, Wodny M, et al. Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfectants in a public administration: impact on health and work performance related to acute respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 24;10:250.Full text Abstract
38. Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland). Clinical features of viral gastroenteritis and advice about decontamination following sickness. January 2015 [internet publication].Full text
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
39. Primary Care Diabetes Society. How to advise on sick day rules. 2020 [internet publication]Full text
40. Diabetes UK. Diabetes when you’re unwell [internet publication]Full text
41. NHS. What to do when you're ill. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text
42. TREND ™Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes: What to do when you are ill. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
43. TREND™Diabetes. Type 2 diabetes: What to do when you are ill. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
44. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract
45. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: updated advice on the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis. April 2016 [internet publication]Full text
46. International Diabetes Federation Europe. How to manage diabetes during an illness: 'sick day rules'. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
47. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text Abstract
48. Think Kidneys. "Sick day" guidance in patients at risk of acute kidney injury: a position statement from the Think Kidneys Board. January 2020 [internet publication].Full text
49. Clark AL, Kalra PR, Petrie MC, et al. Change in renal function associated with drug treatment in heart failure: national guidance. Heart. 2019 Jun;105(12):904-10 Abstract
50. UK Kidney Association. UK Kidney Association clinical practice guideline: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibition in adults with kidney disease. April 2023 [internet publication].Full text
51. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text Abstract
52. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1;44(37):3627-39.Full text Abstract
53. The EMPA-KIDNEY Collaborative Group, Herrington WG, Staplin N, et al. Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 12;388(2):117-27.Full text Abstract
54. Natale P, Tunnicliffe DJ, Toyama T, et al. Sodium-glucose co-transporter protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for people with chronic kidney disease and diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD015588.Full text Abstract
55. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93Full text Abstract
56. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
57. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
58. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury. Mar 2023 [internet publication]Full text
59. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
60. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
61. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
62. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
63. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
64. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text
65. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text Abstract
66. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text
67. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Abstract
68. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
69. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text Abstract
70. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
71. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
72. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
73. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
74. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
75. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
76. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
77. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
78. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
79. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
80. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
81. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text
83. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
84. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text Abstract
85. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
86. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text Abstract
87. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
88. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
89. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
90. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text
91. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
92. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
93. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
94. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
95. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract
96. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
97. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract
98. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text Abstract
99. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
100. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
101. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
102. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
103. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
104. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
105. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
106. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
107. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract
108. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
109. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
110. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
111. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
112. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text Abstract
113. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract
114. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
115. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
116. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
117. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
118. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
119. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
120. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
121. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
122. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
123. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
124. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text
125. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
126. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
127. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
128. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
129. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
130. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
131. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
132. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
133. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
134. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
135. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
136. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text Abstract
137. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text Abstract
138. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text
139. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract
140. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text Abstract
141. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract
142. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
143. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
144. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
145. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
146. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
147. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
148. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
149. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
150. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text Abstract
151. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
152. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
153. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
154. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
155. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
156. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
157. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
158. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer