Prognosis

The 5-year survival rate of patients with AML is 31.9% (based on US data, 2014-2020).[5]

Younger (<60 years of age) and healthier patients

The overall cure rate for patients between 18 and 60 years of age with AML is 35% to 40%.[144] However, cure rate will vary depending on the presence or absence of certain prognostic markers, including cytogenetic abnormalities and genetic mutations.[24]​​[114][145]

Population-based statistics from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Programme (2014-2020) report 5-year relative (from the time of diagnosis) of 63.7% among patients aged <50 years.[146]

Older (≥60 years of age) patients

The overall outlook for older patients is poorer than that of younger patients. This is based on the higher prevalence of unfavourable cytogenetics, antecedent myelodysplasia in older patients, a higher incidence of multi-drug resistance, and an increased frequency of coexistent medical conditions that affect the ability to tolerate intensive treatment.[147][148]

Population-based statistics from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Programme (2014-2020) report 5-year relative survival from the time of diagnosis of:[146]

  • 38.9% for patients aged 50 to 64 years, and

  • 11.2% for patients aged >65 years.

Prognosis according to risk and age

For favourable-risk patients (according to the 2022 European LeukemiaNet [ELN] risk groups), 5-year overall survival is:[149]

  • 54.6% for all patients

  • 62.2% for patients aged <60 years

  • 40.6% for patients aged ≥60 years.

For intermediate-risk patients (according to the 2022 ELN risk groups), 5-year overall survival is:[149]

  • 34.2% for all patients

  • 44.2% for patients aged <60 years

  • 19.4% for patients aged ≥60 years.

For adverse-risk patients (according to the 2022 ELN risk groups), 5-year overall survival is:[149]

  • 14.8% for all patients

  • 25.1% for patients aged <60 years

  • 7.6% for patients aged ≥60 years.

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)

The cure rates for APL with current treatment protocols exceed 80%.[150] The aim of current trials is to determine schedules that offer maximum cure rates with minimal toxicities.

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