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Last reviewed: 16 Mar 2025
Last updated: 15 Apr 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presence of risk factors
  • maculopapular rash
  • fever
  • arthralgias
  • lymphadenopathy
  • incomplete immunisation

Other diagnostic factors

  • malaise
  • coryza or pharyngitis
  • arthritis
  • conjunctivitis

Risk factors

  • incomplete immunisation
  • exposure to infectious contact
  • international travel

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • salivary rubella IgM
  • serology
  • FBC

Investigations to consider

  • viral culture
  • reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Treatment algorithm

Contributors

Authors

Elisabeth Adderson, MD
Elisabeth Adderson

Associate Member

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center

Memphis

TN

Disclosures

EA declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Elizabeth Barnett, MD, FAAP

Director of International Clinical Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases

Boston Medical Center

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Boston University School of Medicine

Boston

MA

Disclosures

EB has received research grant support from Sandipasteen and Intercell and received an honorarium to attend a meeting sponsored by Novartis. She receives royalties from the sale of a book she edited.

Suzanne M. Garland, MBBS, MD, FRCPAm FAChSHM, FRANZCOG ad eundem

Director of Microbiological Research

Head of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Royal Women's Hospital

Senior Consultant of Microbiology

Royal Children's Hospital

Professor

Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

University of Melbourne

Melbourne

Australia

Disclosures

SMG has received advisory board fees and grant support from Commonwealth Serum Laboratories and GlaxoSmithKline, and lecture fees from Merck and GSK. SMG has received funding through her institution to conduct HPV vaccine studies for MSD and GSK.

Robert S. Duszak, OD, FAAO

Co-Director of Residency Program and Consulting Staff

Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Consulting Staff

Nemours Health Clinic & Mayfair Eye Associates

Adjunct Clinical Faculty

Pennsylvania College of Optometry

Salus University

Philadelphia

PA

Disclosures

RSD declares that he has no competing interests.

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