Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

Maternal history of phenytoin use during pregnancy.

Depressed nasal bridge, and short nose with bowed upper lip.[35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com [56]Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: WB Saunders; 1997.

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

Maternal history of valproate use during pregnancy.

High forehead, infraorbital crease or groove, small mouth, and a narrow bifrontal diameter.[35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com [56]Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: WB Saunders; 1997.

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

Maternal history of toluene exposure during pregnancy.

Large anterior fontanelle, downturned corners of the mouth, hair patterning abnormalities, and ear abnormalities.[14]Pearson MA, Hoyme HE, Seaver LH, et al. Toluene embryopathy: delineation of the phenotype and comparison with fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatrics. 1994;93:211-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7510061?tool=bestpractice.com [35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

Wide mouth with full lips, stellate pattern of the iris, a loquacious (talkative) personality, and musculoskeletal and cardiac problems.[35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com [56]Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: WB Saunders; 1997.[57]Williams Syndrome Association. What is Williams syndrome? http://www.williams-syndrome.org/what-is-williams-syndrome (last accessed 28 December 2016). http://www.williams-syndrome.org/what-is-williams-syndrome

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

A single bushy eyebrow (synophrys), long eye lashes, downturned mouth, high arched palate, and short limbs.[35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com [56]Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: WB Saunders; 1997.

SIGNS / SYMPTOMS

Small, upturned nose, round face, and a prominent glabella.[35]National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. Fetal alcohol syndrome: guidelines for referral and diagnosis. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2004. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5411a1.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251866?tool=bestpractice.com [56]Jones KL. Smith's recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed. Sydney, NSW: WB Saunders; 1997.