Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- painless scrotal mass
- left-sided signs/symptoms
- small testicle
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- scrotal ultrasound with colour flow Doppler imaging
- semen analysis
- serum FSH (± GnRH stimulation)
- serum testosterone
- DNA fragmentation index (DFI)
- CT abdomen/pelvis
- MRI abdomen/pelvis
- retroperitoneal ultrasound
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Jay Ira Sandlow, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Urology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee
WI
Disclosures
JIS declares that he has received stock options as a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for Contraline, Inc. and has served as a faculty member on the Vasectomy course for the American Urological Association.
Daniel L. Pelzman, MD
Fellow in Male Reproductive and Sexual Health
Department of Urology
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee
WI
Disclosures
DLP declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Jay Ira Sandlow and Dr Daniel L. Pelzman would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jagan K. Kansal, Dr Pravin Rao, Dr Miguel Pineda, Dr John C. Thomas, and Dr Wayne Kuang, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
JKK, PR, MP, JCT, and WK declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Siam Oottamasathien, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Urology
University of Utah
Primary Children's Medical Center
Salt Lake City
UT
Disclosures
SO declares that she has no competing interests.
Jeffrey Donohoe, MD
Assistant Professor
Pediatric Urology
Medical College of Georgia
Augusta
GA
Disclosures
JD declares that he has no competing interests.
Daniel H. Williams, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Urology
Head
Section of Male Infertility and Andrology
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
Madison
WI
Disclosures
DHW declares that he has no competing interests.
Edmund Sabanegh, Jr, MD
Director
Center for Male Fertility
Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute
Cleveland
OH
Disclosures
ES declares that he has no competing interests.
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