Complications
Ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (also known as intra-arterial chemotherapy) has been associated with intra-retinal haemorrhage and vascular occlusions.[107]
Diagnosis is based on clinical exam.
There is currently no treatment available. In some cases, enucleation should be considered if tumour response is compromised.
External beam radiation can cause cataract formation, as well as periorbital redness, oedema, and dry eyes.
Diagnosis is based on the presence of decreased vision and slit lamp examination.
Removed via surgery after a sufficient period of tumour quiescence.
Likelihood increases in children receiving radiotherapy before 6 months of age.
Diagnosis is based on clinical examination.
There is currently no treatment available.
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for retinoblastoma has the potential to induce secondary malignancies (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia). The epipodophyllotoxin etoposide is known to induce secondary leukemias characterised by site-specific DNA re-arrangements in paediatric cancer patients.[108]
Typically diagnosed clinically based on symptoms arising from the affected area (e.g., bony pain in the case of an osteogenic sarcoma).
Managed by paediatric oncologists and general surgeons in the same manner as primary malignancies of the same subtype, generally with combinations of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
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