Most patients respond to conservative measures with adjustment of daily activities that exacerbate the symptoms.
In resistant cases, surgical treatment is highly successful.
Trigger finger
Splinting alone can be effective in 55% to 66% of cases.[3]Patel MR, Bassini L. Trigger fingers and thumb: when to splint, inject, or operate. J Hand Surg Am. 1992 Jan;17(1):110-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538090?tool=bestpractice.com
[77]Rodgers WB, Waters PM. Incidence of trigger digits in newborns. J Hand Surg Am. 1994:19:364-368.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8056959?tool=bestpractice.com
Corticosteroid injections are successful in 48% to 93% of cases.[6]Murphy D, Failla JM, Koniuch MP. Steroid versus placebo injection for trigger finger. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:628-631.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7594291?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Newport ML, Lane LB, Stuchin SA. Treatment of trigger finger by steroid injection. J Hand Surg Am. 1990;15:748-750.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2229972?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Rhoades CE, Gelberman RH, Manjarris JF. Stenosing tenosynovitis of the fingers and thumb: results of a prospective trial of steroid injection and splinting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;190:236-238.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6488636?tool=bestpractice.com
[23]Stahl S, Kanter Y, Karnielli E. Outcome of trigger finger treatment in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 1997;11:287-290.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334911?tool=bestpractice.com
[43]Freiberg A, Mulholland RS, Levine R. Nonoperative treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:553-558.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2738345?tool=bestpractice.com
[44]Griggs SM, Weiss AP, Lane LB, et al. Treatment of trigger finger in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:787-789.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8522745?tool=bestpractice.com
[45]Kolind-Sorensen V. Treatment of trigger fingers. Acta Orthop Scand. 1970;41:428-432.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5537268?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Stenosing tenovaginitis of the wrist and fingers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;83:87-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5014835?tool=bestpractice.com
[47]Marks MR, Gunther SF. Efficacy of cortisone injection in treatment of trigger fingers and thumbs. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:722-727.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2754207?tool=bestpractice.com
Successful percutaneous release has been reported in 58% to 100% of cases.[55]Bain GI, Wallwork NA. Percutaneous A1 pulley release: a clinical study. Hand Surg. 1999;4:45-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11089155?tool=bestpractice.com
[56]Cihantimur B, Akin S, Ozcan M. Percutaneous treatment of trigger finger: 34 fingers followed 0.5-2 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1998;69:167-168.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602776?tool=bestpractice.com
[57]Eastwood DM, Gupta KJ, Johnson DP. Percutaneous release of the trigger finger: an office procedure. J Hand Surg Am. 1992;17:114-117.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538091?tool=bestpractice.com
[58]Ha KI, Park MJ, Ha CW. Percutaneous release of trigger digits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83:75-77.
http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/83-B/1/75.full.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245542?tool=bestpractice.com
[59]Lyu SR. Closed division of the flexor tendon sheath for trigger finger. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:418-420.
http://www.bjj.boneandjoint.org.uk/content/74-B/3/418.full.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1587893?tool=bestpractice.com
[60]Pope DF, Wolfe SW. Safety and efficacy of percutaneous trigger finger release. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:280-283.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7775770?tool=bestpractice.com
[61]Stothard J, Kumar A. A safe percutaneous procedure for trigger finger release. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1994;39:116-117.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520065?tool=bestpractice.com
[62]Tanaka J, Muraji M, Negoro H, et al. Subcutaneous release of trigger thumb and fingers in 210 fingers. J Hand Surg Br. 1990;15:463-465.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2269838?tool=bestpractice.com
Open trigger digit release remains the definitive treatment. One Cochrane review found low-quality evidence suggesting greater success after open surgery compared with corticosteroid injections, at least during short-term follow-up.[78]Fiorini HJ, Tamaoki MJ, Lenza M, et al. Surgery for trigger finger. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 20;2:CD009860.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009860.pub2/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29460276?tool=bestpractice.com
For trigger finger in patients with diabetes mellitus, immediate release may be the most cost-effective strategy due to the high risk of recurrence after corticosteroid injection.[79]Luther GA, Murthy P, Blazar PE. Cost of immediate surgery versus non-operative treatment for trigger finger in diabetic patients. J Hand Surg Am. 2016 Nov;41(11):1056-63.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27671766?tool=bestpractice.com
de Quervain disease
Splinting alone is not highly effective.[80]Weiss AP, Akelman E, Tabatabai M. Treatment of de Quervain's disease. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19:595-598.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7963313?tool=bestpractice.com
One or two corticosteroid injections are successful in 50% to 80% of cases.[2]Lipscomb PR. Tenosynovitis of the hand and the wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome, de Quervain's disease, trigger digit. Clin Orthop. 1959;13:164-180.[5]Harvey FJ, Harvey PM, Horsley MW. De Quervain's disease: surgical or nonsurgical treatment. J Hand Surg Am. 1990 Jan;15(1):83-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2299173?tool=bestpractice.com
[22]Leao L. De Quervain's disease: a clinical and anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40:1063-1070.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13587574?tool=bestpractice.com
[46]Lapidus PW, Guidotti FP. Stenosing tenovaginitis of the wrist and fingers. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;83:87-90.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5014835?tool=bestpractice.com
[65]Ashraf MO, Devadoss VG. Systematic review and meta-analysis on steroid injection therapy for de Quervain's tenosynovitis in adults. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2014;24:149-157.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23412309?tool=bestpractice.com
In one small prospective study, the combination of corticosteroid injection and splinting was more effective than injection alone.[66]Mardani-Kivi M, Karimi Mobarakeh M, Bahrami F, et al. Corticosteroid injection with or without thumb spica cast for de Quervain tenosynovitis. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39:37-41.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315492?tool=bestpractice.com
For resistant cases, open release is the definitive treatment. Endoscopic release has also been described.[71]Kang HJ, Koh IH, Jang JW, et al. Endoscopic versus open release in patients with de Quervain's tenosynovitis: a randomised trial. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:947-951.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23814248?tool=bestpractice.com
In pregnancy and lactation, nonoperative treatment is highly effective; the condition tends to resolve after cessation of lactation.[14]Avci S, Yilmaz C, Sayli U. Comparison of nonsurgical treatment measures for de Quervain's disease of pregnancy and lactation. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:322-324.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11901392?tool=bestpractice.com
[72]Schumacher HR Jr, Dorwart BB, Korzeniowski OM. Occurrence of De Quervain's tendinitis during pregnancy. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:2083-2084.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4062462?tool=bestpractice.com
[73]Schned ES. De Quervain tenosynovitis in pregnant and postpartum women. Obstet Gynecol. 1986;68:411-414.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3488531?tool=bestpractice.com
All other tendovaginitides
Most patients respond to conservative measures with adjustment of daily activities that exacerbate the symptoms. The use of splinting for temporary immobilization or rest, particularly at night, can be useful. In resistant cases, surgical treatment is highly successful.