Emerging treatments

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor

Systematic reviews of placebo- and active-controlled randomized trials indicate that HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors increase hemoglobin levels, and improve iron utilization, in predialysis and long-term dialysis patients with anemia.[97][98][99][100]

Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

One Cochrane review noted that the long-acting continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, might be preferred to other erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa) based on its lower frequency of administration.[101]​ The review concluded that it is uncertain whether methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta differed from darbepoetin alfa and epoetin alfa or beta with respect to effects on heart disease complications, life expectancy, or anemia.

High-dose extended-interval epoetin alfa

Epoetin alfa at higher doses for extended intervals (e.g., 2 or 4 weekly) is noninferior to more frequent dosing intervals in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients.[102]

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