Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula

Patients with isolated esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) without commonly associated congenital abnormalities (i.e., cardiac and chromosomal) have a good prognosis and survive to live healthy lives.[33]Bell JC, Baynam G, Bergman JEH, et al. Survival of infants born with esophageal atresia among 24 international birth defects surveillance programs. Birth Defects Res. 2021 Jul 15;113(12):945-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734618?tool=bestpractice.com ​ Early mortality is low, but low birth weight infants and those with cardiac anomalies and prenatal diagnoses have higher risk of poor outcome.[34]Sfeir R, Rousseau V, Bonnard A, et al. Risk Factors of Early Mortality and Morbidity in Esophageal Atresia with Distal Tracheoesophageal Fistula: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Pediatr. 2021 Jul;234:99-105.e1. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.02.064 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667507?tool=bestpractice.com [35]Keefe G, Culbreath K, Edwards EM, et al. Current outcomes of infants with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: a multicenter analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Jun;57(6):970-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35300859?tool=bestpractice.com ​​ Motility disorders and respiratory complications may occur. Clinical manifestations of EA/TEF and subsequent repair may persist into adolescence and adulthood. Consensus guidelines have been developed to address the diagnosis and management of these complications.[36]Krishnan U, Dumont MW, Slater H, et al. The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Nov;20(11):735-55. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-023-00789-w http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37286639?tool=bestpractice.com ​