Any patient who has prosthetic material, either valve or graft, will require antibiotic prophylaxis for invasive procedures.[52]European Society of Cardiology. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: ESC clinical practice guidelines. 15 Nov 2023 [internet publication].
https://www.escardio.org/Guidelines/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Endocarditis-Guidelines
[53]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 11;70(2):252-89.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315732?tool=bestpractice.com
Patients with mechanical valves will need lifelong warfarin therapy.[53]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jul 11;70(2):252-89.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28315732?tool=bestpractice.com
Children require repeated refraction measurements to prevent amblyopia.