The number of people affected by glaucoma in the world is approximately 45 million. One third are from primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).[2]Quigley HA, Broman AT. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;90(3):262-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488940?tool=bestpractice.com
Half of cases leading to blindness are estimated to result from PACG.[3]Quigley HA. Number of people with glaucoma worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 May;80(5):389-93.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC505485/pdf/brjopthal00005-0009.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8695555?tool=bestpractice.com
The prevalence of PACG varies among different racial and ethnic groups. The highest rates are reported in Inuit and Asian populations, and lowest rates are reported in African and European populations.[4]Bankes JL, Perkins ES, Tsolakis S, et al. Bedford glaucoma survey. Br Med J. 1968 Mar 30;1(5595):791-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1985686/pdf/brmedj02077-0023.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641484?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Hollows FC, Graham PA. Intra-ocular pressure, glaucoma, and glaucoma suspects in a defined population. Br J Ophthalmol. 1966 Oct;50(10):570-86.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC506274/pdf/brjopthal00370-0011.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5954089?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Bengtsson B. The prevalence of glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981 Jan;65(1):46-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1039411/pdf/brjopthal00181-0056.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6969603?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Congdon N, Wang F, Tielsch JM. Issues in the epidemiology and population-based screening of primary angle-closure glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992 May-Jun;36(6):411-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589856?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Foster PJ, Johnson GJ. Glaucoma in China: how big is the problem? Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Nov;85(11):1277-82.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1723754/pdf/v085p01277.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11673287?tool=bestpractice.com
[9]He M, Foster PJ, Johnson GJ, et al. Angle-closure glaucoma in East Asian and European people. Different diseases? Eye. 2006 Jan;20(1):3-12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15688051?tool=bestpractice.com
[10]Drance SM. Angle closure glaucoma among Canadian Eskimos. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 Apr;8(2):252-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4707208?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Alsbirk PH. Angle-closure glaucoma surveys in Greenland Eskimos. A preliminary report. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 Apr;8(2):260-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4707210?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Johnson GJ, Green JS, Paterson GD, et al. Survey of ophthalmic conditions in a Labrador community: II. Ocular disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 1984 Aug;19(5):224-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6478308?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Johnson GJ, Foster PJ. Can we prevent angle-closure glaucoma? Eye. 2005 Oct;19(10):1119-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304593?tool=bestpractice.com
It is estimated that all forms of PACG account for about 10% of glaucoma cases in the US, but up to 50% of glaucoma cases in Asian populations. Among the white population in the US and Europe the estimated prevalence of PACG is 0.04% to 0.4%.[14]Klein BE, Klein R, Sponsel WE, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992 Oct;99(10):1499-504.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31774-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1454314?tool=bestpractice.com
[15]Wensor MD, McCarty CA, Stanislavsky YL, et al. The prevalence of glaucoma in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Ophthalmology. 1998 Apr;105(4):733-9.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9544649?tool=bestpractice.com
The prevalence of PACG in the Inuit population is estimated at 2.65% to 4.8%.[10]Drance SM. Angle closure glaucoma among Canadian Eskimos. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 Apr;8(2):252-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4707208?tool=bestpractice.com
[11]Alsbirk PH. Angle-closure glaucoma surveys in Greenland Eskimos. A preliminary report. Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 Apr;8(2):260-4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4707210?tool=bestpractice.com
[12]Johnson GJ, Green JS, Paterson GD, et al. Survey of ophthalmic conditions in a Labrador community: II. Ocular disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 1984 Aug;19(5):224-33.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6478308?tool=bestpractice.com
[13]Johnson GJ, Foster PJ. Can we prevent angle-closure glaucoma? Eye. 2005 Oct;19(10):1119-24.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304593?tool=bestpractice.com
Women are more likely to develop ACG than men.[16]Vajaranant TS, Nayak S, Wilensky JT, et al. Gender and glaucoma: what we know and what we need to know. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010 Mar;21(2):91-9.
https://www.doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e3283360b7e
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051857?tool=bestpractice.com
ACG usually develops in individuals older than 50 years.[17]American Academy of Ophthalmology. Preferred practice pattern: primary angle closure. November 2020 [internet publication].
https://www.aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/primary-angle-closure-disease-ppp