Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is most often seen in young, single, sexually active women with a history of sexually transmitted infections.[2]Grodstein F, Rothman KJ. Epidemiology of pelvic inflammatory disease. Epidemiology. 1994 Mar;5(2):234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8172999?tool=bestpractice.com The exact incidence is unknown because it is difficult to diagnose definitively based on clinical signs and symptoms. PID may affect at least 1 million women in the US each year and is the most common gynecologic reason for hospital admission.[3]Crossman SH. The challenge of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Mar 1;73(5):859-64. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0301/p859.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16529095?tool=bestpractice.com [4]Sutton MY, Strenberg M, Zaidi A, et al. Trends in pelvic inflammatory disease hospital discharges and ambulatory visits, United States 1985-2001. Sex Trans Dis. 2005 Dec;32(12):778-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16314776?tool=bestpractice.com The estimated lifetime prevalence of PID in the US is 4.4%.[5]Kreisel K, Torrone E, Bernstein K, et al. Prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease in sexually experienced women of reproductive age - United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jan 27;66(3):80-3. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6603a3.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28125569?tool=bestpractice.com In the UK, an estimated 33.6% and 16.1% of women aged 35-44 years have experienced at least one episode of PID and salpingitis, respectively.[6]Price MJ, Ades AE, Welton NJ, et al. Pelvic inflammatory disease and salpingitis: incidence of primary and repeat episodes in England. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Jan;145(1):208-15. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-and-salpingitis-incidence-of-primary-and-repeat-episodes-in-england/54BDB2082DA017A1D2C34B54A7C4051E http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27678278?tool=bestpractice.com In industrialized countries, the annual incidence of PID peaks in women aged 20 to 24 years. Most cases are diagnosed in the outpatient setting. The number of cases diagnosed in the US decreased between 1985 and 2001 in both hospital and ambulatory settings.[4]Sutton MY, Strenberg M, Zaidi A, et al. Trends in pelvic inflammatory disease hospital discharges and ambulatory visits, United States 1985-2001. Sex Trans Dis. 2005 Dec;32(12):778-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16314776?tool=bestpractice.com This may be due to early diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia infection.